Viola pedunculata |
Viola primulifolia |
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California golden violet, johnny-jump-up, wild pansy, yellow pansy |
primrose-leaf violet, western bog violet, western white bog violet |
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Habit | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–39 cm. | Plants perennial, acaulescent, stoloniferous, (3–)5–20(–36) cm; stolons pale, often rooting and leafy at nodes; rhizome thick or slender, fleshy. | ||||
Stems | 1–10+, decumbent, ascending, or erect, leafy proximally and distally, glabrous or puberulent, from shallow to deep-seated, enlarged rhizome with fleshy to subligneous roots. |
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Leaves | cauline; stipules ovate, linear-lanceolate, or oblanceolate, sometimes leaflike, margins entire or glandular-toothed, apex acute to acuminate; petiole 2.7–7.2 cm, usually finely puberulent, sometimes glabrate; blade deltate to ovate, 1–5.5 × 1–5.5 cm, base truncate, subcordate, or attenuate, margins crenate to serrate, ciliate, apex acute to obtuse, surfaces subglabrous or sparsely puberulent. |
basal, 4–8, prostrate to ascending; stipules linear-lanceolate, margins ± crenate-serrate, sometimes glandular, apex acute; petiole (1–)3–13(–29) cm, glabrous or pubescent; blade unlobed, elliptic to narrowly or broadly ovate, (1.5–)3–7(–9) × 1–3(–3.5) cm, longer than wide, base broadly cordate to attenuate, rarely ± truncate, margins crenulate to serrulate, sometimes glandular, mostly eciliate, apex acute to rounded, mucronulate, surfaces glabrous or sparsely pubescent. |
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Peduncles | 2.9–20 cm, sparsely to densely puberulent. |
(3–)6–18(–28) cm, glabrous. |
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Flowers | sepals lanceolate to ovate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 1–3 mm; petals golden yellow adaxially, upper 2 reddish brown abaxially, lower 3 dark brown-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 10–20 mm, spur dark reddish brown, gibbous, 2–4 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers absent. |
sepals lanceolate to ovate, margins usually eciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals white on both surfaces, lower 3 purple-veined, lateral 2 bearded or beardless, lowest 9–14(–16) mm, spur white, gibbous, 1–2 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers present or absent. |
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Capsules | ellipsoid, 5–11 mm, glabrous. |
ellipsoid, (5–)8–9 mm, glabrous. |
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Seeds | dark brown or black, shiny, 2.7 mm. |
beige to bronze, 1.5–2 mm. |
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2n | = 12. |
= 24. |
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Viola pedunculata |
Viola primulifolia |
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Phenology | Flowering Feb–Apr. | |||||
Habitat | Open, grassy coastal and inland slopes and hillsides, usually in full sun, chaparral, foothill and oak woodland | |||||
Elevation | 0–1000 m (0–3300 ft) | |||||
Distribution |
CA; Mexico (Baja California)
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AL; AR; CA; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MS; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WV
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Discussion | The stems of Viola pedunculata arise from an enlarged, subterranean, spongy or fibrous rhizome. Often, these rhizome structures are deep seated; it is unknown how they get so deeply buried. The anther appendages of V. pedunculata are hairy distally, a characteristic not known to occur in other members of the V. purpurea complex. Larvae of the federally listed Callippe silverspot butterfly [Speyeria callippe (Boisduval) callippe] feed only on Viola pedunculata. Plants with leaves reported to be smaller, thinner, deltate, mostly longer than wide, with yellow petals (versus orange for Viola pedunculata var. pedunculata), style 2.1 mm (versus 2.9 mm for var. pedunculata), from the Pinnacles region in San Benito County, California, have been called subsp. tenuifolia. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Varieties 2 (2 in the flora). Viola primulifolia occurs in small colonies; individual plants are interconnected by stolons. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 144. | FNA vol. 6, p. 148. | ||||
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola | ||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||
Synonyms | V. pedunculata subsp. tenuifolia | |||||
Name authority | Torrey & A. Gray: Fl. N. Amer. 1: 141. (1838) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 934. (1753) | ||||
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