Viola pedunculata |
Viola hastata |
|
---|---|---|
California golden violet, johnny-jump-up, wild pansy, yellow pansy |
halberd-leaf or halberdleaf yellow violet, halberdleaf yellow violet |
|
Habit | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–39 cm. | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–30 cm. |
Stems | 1–10+, decumbent, ascending, or erect, leafy proximally and distally, glabrous or puberulent, from shallow to deep-seated, enlarged rhizome with fleshy to subligneous roots. |
1(–2), erect, leafless proximally, leafy distally, glabrous or sparsely puberulent, from fleshy rhizome. |
Leaves | cauline; stipules ovate, linear-lanceolate, or oblanceolate, sometimes leaflike, margins entire or glandular-toothed, apex acute to acuminate; petiole 2.7–7.2 cm, usually finely puberulent, sometimes glabrate; blade deltate to ovate, 1–5.5 × 1–5.5 cm, base truncate, subcordate, or attenuate, margins crenate to serrate, ciliate, apex acute to obtuse, surfaces subglabrous or sparsely puberulent. |
basal and cauline; basal: 0–1; stipules ovate to lanceolate, margins laciniate with gland-tipped projections, apex usually acuminate; petiole 3–11.5 cm, usually glabrous; blade sometimes gray-green abaxially, usually mottled light green adaxially, widely or narrowly hastate to ovate, 2.5–4.4 × 1.8–3.2 cm, base hastate to cordate or truncate, margins serrate or crenate, ciliate or eciliate, apex acute, surfaces usually glabrous, sometimes scabrous; cauline similar to basal except: leaves usually restricted to distal ends of naked stems; petiole 1–2.5 cm; blade 2–10 × 1.1–4.5 cm. |
Peduncles | 2.9–20 cm, sparsely to densely puberulent. |
1–5.3 cm, usually glabrous. |
Flowers | sepals lanceolate to ovate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 1–3 mm; petals golden yellow adaxially, upper 2 reddish brown abaxially, lower 3 dark brown-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 10–20 mm, spur dark reddish brown, gibbous, 2–4 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers absent. |
sepals lanceolate to ovate, margins mostly eciliate, auricles 0.5–1 mm; petals lemon-yellow usually on both surfaces, lower 3 and sometimes upper 2 brownish purple-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 9.5–12 mm, spur yellow to greenish, gibbous, 0.5–2 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
Capsules | ellipsoid, 5–11 mm, glabrous. |
ovoid to ellipsoid, 6–8 mm, glabrous. |
Seeds | dark brown or black, shiny, 2.7 mm. |
beige to bronze, 2–2.5 mm. |
2n | = 12. |
= 12. |
Viola pedunculata |
Viola hastata |
|
Phenology | Flowering Feb–Apr. | Flowering late Mar–May. |
Habitat | Open, grassy coastal and inland slopes and hillsides, usually in full sun, chaparral, foothill and oak woodland | Rich woods, chiefly mountains and piedmont |
Elevation | 0–1000 m (0–3300 ft) | 50–2000 m (200–6600 ft) |
Distribution |
CA; Mexico (Baja California)
|
AL; GA; KY; MD; NC; NY; OH; PA; SC; TN; VA; WV
|
Discussion | The stems of Viola pedunculata arise from an enlarged, subterranean, spongy or fibrous rhizome. Often, these rhizome structures are deep seated; it is unknown how they get so deeply buried. The anther appendages of V. pedunculata are hairy distally, a characteristic not known to occur in other members of the V. purpurea complex. Larvae of the federally listed Callippe silverspot butterfly [Speyeria callippe (Boisduval) callippe] feed only on Viola pedunculata. Plants with leaves reported to be smaller, thinner, deltate, mostly longer than wide, with yellow petals (versus orange for Viola pedunculata var. pedunculata), style 2.1 mm (versus 2.9 mm for var. pedunculata), from the Pinnacles region in San Benito County, California, have been called subsp. tenuifolia. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
V. B. Baird (1942) commented that Viola hastata is more closely related to V. glabella than to any eastern species. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 144. | FNA vol. 6, p. 133. |
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | V. pedunculata subsp. tenuifolia | |
Name authority | Torrey & A. Gray: Fl. N. Amer. 1: 141. (1838) | Michaux: Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 149. (1803) |
Web links |