Viola pedunculata |
Viola cuneata |
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California golden violet, johnny-jump-up, wild pansy, yellow pansy |
northern two-eyed or wedge-leaf violet, northern two-eyed violet, wedge-leaf violet |
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Habit | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–39 cm. | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 2–25 cm. |
Stems | 1–10+, decumbent, ascending, or erect, leafy proximally and distally, glabrous or puberulent, from shallow to deep-seated, enlarged rhizome with fleshy to subligneous roots. |
1–3, usually erect, sometimes prostrate or ascending, glabrous, from shallow, fleshy rhizome or deep-seated caudex with fleshy roots. |
Leaves | cauline; stipules ovate, linear-lanceolate, or oblanceolate, sometimes leaflike, margins entire or glandular-toothed, apex acute to acuminate; petiole 2.7–7.2 cm, usually finely puberulent, sometimes glabrate; blade deltate to ovate, 1–5.5 × 1–5.5 cm, base truncate, subcordate, or attenuate, margins crenate to serrate, ciliate, apex acute to obtuse, surfaces subglabrous or sparsely puberulent. |
basal and cauline; basal: 2–6; stipules lanceolate, margins entire or gland-toothed, apex acute; petiole 4.5–9.8 cm, glabrous; blade purple-veined, orbiculate-ovate to deltate, 1–4 × 2.7–3.8 cm, usually shiny, leathery, base cuneate, margins serrate, eciliate, apex acute, mucronulate, surfaces glabrous; cauline similar to basal except: stipules lanceolate to ovate, margins entire or erose to lacerate, with or without gland-tipped processes, apex acute to acuminate; petiole 0.5–20 cm; blade usually rhombic, sometimes orbiculate, 0.9–2.6 × 0.7–1.8 cm, margins crenate to ± serrate, apex acute to obtuse. |
Peduncles | 2.9–20 cm, sparsely to densely puberulent. |
1–10.5 cm, glabrous. |
Flowers | sepals lanceolate to ovate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 1–3 mm; petals golden yellow adaxially, upper 2 reddish brown abaxially, lower 3 dark brown-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 10–20 mm, spur dark reddish brown, gibbous, 2–4 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers absent. |
sepals lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 0.5–1 mm; petals deep reddish violet abaxially, white adaxially, upper 2 sometimes with purple patch basally, lateral 2 with purple patch basally beyond smaller yellow area, usually bearded, sometimes beardless, lowest purple-veined with yellow area basally, 8–14 mm, spur yellow, gibbous, 1–2 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
Capsules | ellipsoid, 5–11 mm, glabrous. |
± spherical, 5–9 mm, glabrous. |
Seeds | dark brown or black, shiny, 2.7 mm. |
deep brown-purple, 2.1–3 mm. |
2n | = 12. |
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Viola pedunculata |
Viola cuneata |
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Phenology | Flowering Feb–Apr. | Flowering Mar–Sep. |
Habitat | Open, grassy coastal and inland slopes and hillsides, usually in full sun, chaparral, foothill and oak woodland | Open pine or oak forests, often serpentine soil |
Elevation | 0–1000 m (0–3300 ft) | 600–2200 m (2000–7200 ft) |
Distribution |
CA; Mexico (Baja California)
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CA; OR
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Discussion | The stems of Viola pedunculata arise from an enlarged, subterranean, spongy or fibrous rhizome. Often, these rhizome structures are deep seated; it is unknown how they get so deeply buried. The anther appendages of V. pedunculata are hairy distally, a characteristic not known to occur in other members of the V. purpurea complex. Larvae of the federally listed Callippe silverspot butterfly [Speyeria callippe (Boisduval) callippe] feed only on Viola pedunculata. Plants with leaves reported to be smaller, thinner, deltate, mostly longer than wide, with yellow petals (versus orange for Viola pedunculata var. pedunculata), style 2.1 mm (versus 2.9 mm for var. pedunculata), from the Pinnacles region in San Benito County, California, have been called subsp. tenuifolia. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Viola cuneata often occurs on serpentine-derived soil and is closely related to V. flettii, V. hallii, and V. ocellata (V. B. Baird 1942). Originally described as beardless by Watson, the lateral petals of flowers in the same population can be prominently bearded or essentially beardless. The cauline blades of Viola cuneata are often vertical, especially early in season. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 144. | FNA vol. 6, p. 129. |
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | V. pedunculata subsp. tenuifolia | |
Name authority | Torrey & A. Gray: Fl. N. Amer. 1: 141. (1838) | S. Watson: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 14: 290. (1879) |
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