Viola pedunculata |
Viola cucullata |
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California golden violet, johnny-jump-up, wild pansy, yellow pansy |
blue marsh violet, marsh blue or northern bog or marsh or blue marsh violet, marsh blue violet, violette cucullée |
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Habit | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–39 cm. | Plants perennial, acaulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–20 cm; rhizome thick, fleshy. |
Stems | 1–10+, decumbent, ascending, or erect, leafy proximally and distally, glabrous or puberulent, from shallow to deep-seated, enlarged rhizome with fleshy to subligneous roots. |
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Leaves | cauline; stipules ovate, linear-lanceolate, or oblanceolate, sometimes leaflike, margins entire or glandular-toothed, apex acute to acuminate; petiole 2.7–7.2 cm, usually finely puberulent, sometimes glabrate; blade deltate to ovate, 1–5.5 × 1–5.5 cm, base truncate, subcordate, or attenuate, margins crenate to serrate, ciliate, apex acute to obtuse, surfaces subglabrous or sparsely puberulent. |
basal, 4–8, ascending to erect; stipules linear-lanceolate, margins entire, apex acute; petiole 6–20 cm, usually glabrous; blade unlobed, ovate to reniform, 1.5–11 × 1–9 cm, base reniform to cordate, margins crenate to serrate, ciliate, apex acute or obtuse to slightly caudate, surfaces glabrous, rarely pubescent. |
Peduncles | 2.9–20 cm, sparsely to densely puberulent. |
7–25 cm, glabrous or pubescent. |
Flowers | sepals lanceolate to ovate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 1–3 mm; petals golden yellow adaxially, upper 2 reddish brown abaxially, lower 3 dark brown-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 10–20 mm, spur dark reddish brown, gibbous, 2–4 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers absent. |
sepals lanceolate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 3–6 mm; petals light to dark blue-violet to violet on both surfaces, upper 2 and lateral 2 darker basally, lateral 2 densely bearded, lowest white basally, dark purple-veined, 9–13 mm, spur color same as petals, gibbous, 2–3 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles. |
Capsules | ellipsoid, 5–11 mm, glabrous. |
ellipsoid to ± ovoid, 10–15 mm, glabrous. |
Seeds | dark brown or black, shiny, 2.7 mm. |
beige, mottled to bronze, 1–2 mm. |
2n | = 12. |
= 54. |
Viola pedunculata |
Viola cucullata |
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Phenology | Flowering Feb–Apr. | Flowering Apr–Jun. |
Habitat | Open, grassy coastal and inland slopes and hillsides, usually in full sun, chaparral, foothill and oak woodland | Open or wooded wet areas, seeps, springs, swamps, marshes, streamsides |
Elevation | 0–1000 m (0–3300 ft) | 0–2000 m (0–6600 ft) |
Distribution |
CA; Mexico (Baja California)
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AR; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; SC; TN; VA; VT; WI; WV; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC; SPM
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Discussion | The stems of Viola pedunculata arise from an enlarged, subterranean, spongy or fibrous rhizome. Often, these rhizome structures are deep seated; it is unknown how they get so deeply buried. The anther appendages of V. pedunculata are hairy distally, a characteristic not known to occur in other members of the V. purpurea complex. Larvae of the federally listed Callippe silverspot butterfly [Speyeria callippe (Boisduval) callippe] feed only on Viola pedunculata. Plants with leaves reported to be smaller, thinner, deltate, mostly longer than wide, with yellow petals (versus orange for Viola pedunculata var. pedunculata), style 2.1 mm (versus 2.9 mm for var. pedunculata), from the Pinnacles region in San Benito County, California, have been called subsp. tenuifolia. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Viola cucullata reportedly hybridizes with V. sororia (= V. ×bissellii House), V. brittoniana (= V. ×notabilis E. P. Bicknell), and V. sagittata var. sagittata (= V. ×porteriana House). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 144. | FNA vol. 6, p. 128. |
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | V. pedunculata subsp. tenuifolia | V. cucullata var. leptosepala, V. cucullata var. macrotis, V. cucullata var. microtitis, V. dicksonii, V. leptosepala, V. macrotis |
Name authority | Torrey & A. Gray: Fl. N. Amer. 1: 141. (1838) | Aiton: Hort. Kew. 3: 288. (1789) |
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