Viola macloskeyi
Viola canina
Macloskey's or northern white or small white or smooth white or wild white violet, Macloskey's violet, northern white violet, small white violet, smooth white violet, violette pâle
dog violet, heath dog-violet
1–5, ascending to erect, glabrous, on caudex from subligneous rhizome.
basal, 2–6, ascending to erect;
stipules ovate to linear-lanceolate, margins entire or glandular-toothed, apex acute;
petiole 1–10 cm, strigose;
blade unlobed, reniform to ovate, 1–6.5 × 1–5.5 cm, base broadly or shallowly cordate, margins ± entire or shallowly crenate, eciliate, apex rounded to acute, surfaces usually glabrous, abaxial surfaces sometimes puberulent on proximal 1/2.
cauline;
stipules linear to lanceolate, margins ± lacerate to subentire, points often gland-tipped, apex acute;
petiole 0.3–2.5 cm, glabrous;
blade ovate to narrowly ovate, 1.2–5.2 × 1–2.7 cm, base cordate or deeply cordate to truncate, margins crenate, eciliate, apex acute to obtuse, abaxial surface glabrous or sparsely pubescent on veins, adaxial surface glabrous or sparsely pubescent.
2.5–11(–21) cm, usually glabrous, sometimes villous.
1–10 cm, glabrous or sparsely puberulent.
sepals lanceolate to ovate, margins eciliate, auricles 0.5–2 mm;
petals white on both surfaces, lower 3 purple-veined, lateral 2 bearded, rarely beardless, lowest 6–12 mm, spur white, gibbous, 1–2.5 mm;
style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers on ascending peduncles.
sepals lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 2–3 mm;
petals usually blue- to gray-violet on both surfaces, rarely white, white basally, lower 3 dark violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 15–25 mm, spur light yellow to light green or white, gibbous to usually elongated, 3–5 mm;
style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers axillary.
ovoid, 5–9 mm, glabrous.
ovoid, 7.5–9 mm, glabrous.
beige to bronze, 1–1.5 mm.
light to dark brown; 1.7–2.1 mm.
= 24.
= 40.
Viola macloskeyi
Viola canina
Viola macloskeyi was described by Banks in 1824 as V. rotundifolia var. pallens, from specimens collected by Banks in Labrador. E. Brainerd made the combination V. pallens in 1905 and later (1924) detailed its troublesome nomenclatural history.
Viola macloskeyi was described in 1895 by F. E. Lloyd based on specimens collected at the base of Mount Hood, Oregon. M. S. Baker (1953) placed V. macloskeyi as a subspecies of V. pallens. He later (1953b) corrected that change based on priority and thus the taxon became known as V. macloskeyi subsp. pallens. N. H. Russell (1955) maintained that status, separating subspp. macloskeyi and pallens on the wider, spreading basal leaf lobes of subsp. pallens. McKinney, after examining specimens of both taxa, including types, concluded that the differences have been exaggerated and fall within the range of variation of a single species.
Viola macloskeyi occurs in small colonies; individual plants are interconnected by stolons.
In parts of its range, Viola macloskeyi often shares habitat with V. renifolia; it may be difficult to distinguish the two. The stolons of V. macloskeyi are useful for identification during summer months; V. renifolia plants lack stolons. Patterns of indument can be useful; V. renifolia is usually hairy and V. macloskeyi is usually glabrous (petioles sometimes pubescent).
Viola macloskeyi reportedly hybridizes with V. primulifolia var. primulifolia (= V. ×mollicula House).
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Viola canina was possibly introduced in Greenland (T. Marcussen and T. Karlsson et al. 2010).
Hybrids of Viola canina are known with the European species V. mirabilis Linnaeus, V. pumila Chaix, V. reichenbachiana Jordan ex Boreau, V. riviniana Reichenbach, V. rupestris F. W. Schmidt (both subspecies), V. stagnina Kitaibel, and V. uliginosa Besser.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
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