Viola howellii |
Viola prionantha |
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Howell's violet, violette de Howell |
Japanese violet |
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Habit | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 2–44 cm. | Plants perennial, acaulescent, not stoloniferous, 3–20 cm; rhizome stout, fleshy. |
Stems | 1–4, ascending to erect (sometimes later reclining to nearly prostrate), glabrous or sparsely pubescent, on caudex from subligneous rhizome. |
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Leaves | basal and cauline; basal: 1–6; stipules linear-lanceolate to oblong, margins mostly entire or laciniate with gland-tipped projections, apex acute to acuminate; petiole 4–15 cm, glabrous or sparsely puberulent; blade ovate to reniform, 1.9–6.8 × 2.1–6.4 cm, thin, base cordate, margins crenate, ciliate, apex acute to usually obtuse, surfaces glabrous or sparsely puberulent; cauline similar to basal except: stipules linear-lanceolate or deltate to oblong, apex acute or long-acuminate; petiole 1–4.5 cm; blade 2–5.1 × 1.2–5.8 cm. |
basal, 6–22, ascending to erect; stipules linear-lanceolate, margins remotely denticulate, apex acuminate; petiole 1–13 cm, narrowly winged distally, glabrous or puberulent; blade unlobed, oblong-ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or narrowly ovate, 1–4.5(–10) × 0.6–2(–4) cm, base usually truncate, sometimes ± cordate or broadly cuneate, margins crenulate, ciliate or eciliate, apex obtuse or ± acute, surfaces glabrous or puberulent. |
Peduncles | 2.8–17.8 cm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. |
2.5–6 cm, glabrous, bracteoles near middle. |
Flowers | sepals lanceolate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals violet to soft blue-violet on both surfaces, whitish basally, lower 3 dark violet-veined, lateral 2 densely bearded, lowest 14–23 mm, spur blue-violet to whitish, gibbous to elongated, 2.4–5 mm, usually less than 1/2 lowest petal, tip straight; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals light violet or purple on both surfaces, rarely all white, lower 3 dark violet-veined, lateral 2 beardless or sparsely bearded, lowest 14–25 mm, spur pale to dark violet, elongated, 6–9 mm, tip hooked up; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers present. |
Capsules | ellipsoid, 7–11 mm, glabrous. |
narrowly ellipsoid, 5–12 mm, glabrous. |
Seeds | light brown, 2.1–2.8 mm. |
dark brown, ca. 2 mm. |
2n | = 40, 80. |
= 48. |
Viola howellii |
Viola prionantha |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Jul. | Flowering Apr–May. |
Habitat | Moist, shady areas, coniferous forests, prairies, along streams | Lawns, roads, roadsides |
Elevation | 50–1500 m (200–4900 ft) | 200–900 m (700–3000 ft) |
Distribution |
CA; OR; WA; BC
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KS; NE; Asia (China, Korea, Russia) [Introduced in North America] |
Discussion | Viola howellii is similar to V. adunca and usually occupies moister habitats along the western side of the Cascade Mountains (H. E. Ballard 1992). The first documented record of this species in California was recently reported from Siskiyou County (R. J. Little 2010). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
In 1952, plants of Viola initially identified as V. patrinii were collected and reported by C. T. Rogerson to be established in lawns on the campus of Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, where they are still found. S. B. Rolfsmeier recently determined that these plants are V. prionantha. R. B. Kaul reported that V. prionantha occurs along roadsides in Kansas and is also established in the floodplain of the North Platte River in Nebraska, where it was first collected by him in 1992. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 134. | FNA vol. 6, p. 149. |
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola |
Sibling taxa | ||
Name authority | A. Gray: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 308. (1887) | Bunge: Enum. Pl. China Bor., 8. (1833) |
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