Viola howellii |
Viola novae-angliae |
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Howell's violet, violette de Howell |
New England blue violet, New England violet |
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Habit | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 2–44 cm. | Plants perennial, acaulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–50 cm; rhizomes thick, fleshy. |
Stems | 1–4, ascending to erect (sometimes later reclining to nearly prostrate), glabrous or sparsely pubescent, on caudex from subligneous rhizome. |
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Leaves | basal and cauline; basal: 1–6; stipules linear-lanceolate to oblong, margins mostly entire or laciniate with gland-tipped projections, apex acute to acuminate; petiole 4–15 cm, glabrous or sparsely puberulent; blade ovate to reniform, 1.9–6.8 × 2.1–6.4 cm, thin, base cordate, margins crenate, ciliate, apex acute to usually obtuse, surfaces glabrous or sparsely puberulent; cauline similar to basal except: stipules linear-lanceolate or deltate to oblong, apex acute or long-acuminate; petiole 1–4.5 cm; blade 2–5.1 × 1.2–5.8 cm. |
basal, 2–8, ascending to erect; stipules linear-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, margins entire, sometimes distally glandular, apex acute; petiole 5–25 cm, densely pubescent; blade unlobed, narrowly ovate to narrowly deltate, 3.5–7 × 2–5 cm, base cordate, margins uniformly crenate to serrate, ciliate or eciliate, apex acute, surfaces usually glabrous, rarely pubescent. |
Peduncles | 2.8–17.8 cm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. |
3–25 cm, glabrous or pubescent. |
Flowers | sepals lanceolate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals violet to soft blue-violet on both surfaces, whitish basally, lower 3 dark violet-veined, lateral 2 densely bearded, lowest 14–23 mm, spur blue-violet to whitish, gibbous to elongated, 2.4–5 mm, usually less than 1/2 lowest petal, tip straight; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
sepals lanceolate to ovate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals light to dark blue- or dark purple-violet or reddish purple, lowest and sometimes lateral 2 purple-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest bearded or beardless, 15–25 mm, spur same color as petals, gibbous, 2–3 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers on prostrate to ascending peduncles. |
Capsules | ellipsoid, 7–11 mm, glabrous. |
ellipsoid, 5–12 mm, glabrous. |
Seeds | light brown, 2.1–2.8 mm. |
beige, mottled to bronze, 1.5–2.5 mm. |
2n | = 40, 80. |
= 54. |
Viola howellii |
Viola novae-angliae |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Jul. | Flowering Apr–Jun. |
Habitat | Moist, shady areas, coniferous forests, prairies, along streams | Gravelly, wet, rocky shores of lakes and streams, meadows |
Elevation | 50–1500 m (200–4900 ft) | 0–100 m (0–300 ft) |
Distribution |
CA; OR; WA; BC
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ME; MI; MN; WI; MB; NB; ON; QC
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Discussion | Viola howellii is similar to V. adunca and usually occupies moister habitats along the western side of the Cascade Mountains (H. E. Ballard 1992). The first documented record of this species in California was recently reported from Siskiyou County (R. J. Little 2010). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
L. E. McKinney (1992) considered Viola novae-angliae to be a variety of V. sororia; N. L. Gil-Ad (1997) treated it as a distinct species. H. E. Ballard and S. C. Gawler (1994) also considered V. novae-angliae distinct and suggested it might be a hybrid between V. sagittata and V. sororia. Viola novae-angliae appears to have a close affinity with V. sororia; we recognize them here as separate species. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 134. | FNA vol. 6, p. 139. |
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | V. septentrionalis var. grisea, V. sororia var. grisea, V. sororia var. novae-angliae | |
Name authority | A. Gray: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 308. (1887) | House: Rhodora 6: 226, plate 59. (1904) |
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