Viola glabella |
Viola bicolor |
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pioneer violet, smooth yellow violet, stream or smooth yellow or yellow wood or wood or smooth yellow woodland violet, stream violet, violette glabre, yellow wood violet |
field pansy, violette de Rafinesque, wild pansy |
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Habit | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 3–38 cm. | |
Stems | 1–3, erect or prostrate, leafless proximally, leafy distally, glabrous or finely puberulent, on caudex from fleshy rhizome. |
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Leaves | basal and cauline; basal: 0–4(–7); stipules ovate to obovate, margins entire, crenate, or serrate, usually glandular, apex acute to obtuse; petiole 7–27.5 cm, glabrous or puberulent; blade usually reniform to ovate, sometimes orbiculate, 3.3–8.5 × 2–9.3 cm, base cordate, margins crenate to serrate, ciliate or eciliate, apex acute to obtuse, mucronulate, surfaces glabrous or finely puberulent; cauline similar to basal except: usually restricted to distal ends of naked stems; stipules ovate to oblong, margins erose or subserrate, often glandular, apex acute to acuminate; petiole 0.2–2.9 cm, glabrous or finely puberulent; blade ovate to deltate, 1.4–5.7 × 0.8–4.7 cm, base cordate to truncate, margins crenate to ± serrate, ciliate (sometimes limited to proximal half), apex acute. |
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Peduncles | 2–8 cm, glabrous or pubescent. |
1–4.5 cm, glabrous or pubescent. |
Flowers | sepals linear-lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 0.5–1 mm; petals deep lemon-yellow on both surfaces, lower 3 and sometimes upper 2 brownish purple-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 6–18 mm, spur yellow to greenish, gibbous, 0.5–2 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
sepals ovate to lanceolate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 0.5–2 mm; petals white or cream to pale bluish violet on both surfaces, dark purple-veined, lateral 2 longer than sepals, bearded, lowest 8–10 mm, spur white to blue-violet, gibbous, 1–1.5 mm, shorter than or equaling sepal auricles; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
Capsules | ovoid to ellipsoid, 7–13 mm, glabrous. |
ellipsoid to oblong, 4–7 mm, glabrous. |
Seeds | light to dark brown, shiny, 2–2.2 mm. |
beige to bronze, 0.3–1.5 mm. |
2n | = 24. |
= 34. |
Viola glabella |
Viola bicolor |
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Phenology | Flowering Mar–Aug. | Flowering Mar–May. |
Habitat | Damp, wet, or shady places in forests, stream banks | Prairies, open woodlands, fields, pastures, roadsides, lawns, waste ground |
Elevation | 0–2600 m (0–8500 ft) | 0–3000 m (0–9800 ft) |
Distribution |
AK; CA; ID; MT; OR; WA; AB; BC; Asia
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AL; AR; AZ; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; MO; MS; NC; NE; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; WV; ON; SK
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Discussion | Viola glabella is similar in overall appearance to V. pubescens. The cauline leaves are sometimes described as appearing only near the apex of the stem (P. A. Munz 1959), but often a leaf occurs from a node on the stem below the apex. Viola californica was described from collections made in Humboldt and Trinity counties, California, and may have arisen as a hybrid between V. glabella and V. lobata var. integrifolia. It is apparently limited to Abies concolor forests above 1520 m (M. S. Baker 1953). Study of V. californica is needed to determine if taxonomic recognition is warranted. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Viola bicolor is the only pansy native to North America (V. B. Baird 1942; J. Clausen et al. 1964; A. E. Radford et al. 1968) and is the only annual Viola species that produces cleistogamous flowers (Baird; A. Gershoy 1934). Roots of V. bicolor have the odor of wintergreen when crushed (W. J. Hayden and J. Clough 1990). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 131. | FNA vol. 6, p. 122. |
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | V. californica, V. canadensis var. sitchensis, V. glabella var. remotifolia | V. kitaibeliana var. rafinesquei, V. rafinesquei |
Name authority | Nuttall: in J. Torrey and A. Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 142. (1838) | Pursh: Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 175. (1813) |
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