Viola douglasii |
Viola prionantha |
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Douglas' golden violet, Douglas' or Douglas' golden violet, Douglas' violet, Douglas' yellow violet, golden violet |
Japanese violet |
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Habit | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 3–20 cm. | Plants perennial, acaulescent, not stoloniferous, 3–20 cm; rhizome stout, fleshy. |
Stems | 1–3, decumbent or ascending to erect, ca. 1/2 subterranean, glabrous or puberulent, from single, short, vertical, deep-seated caudex. |
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Leaves | basal and cauline; basal: 1–6, bipinnately compound, leaflets 3–5; stipules adnate to petiole forming 2 linear-lanceolate wings, unlobed, margins entire, apex of each wing free, acute to acuminate; petiole 5–6.8 cm, glabrous or puberulent; blade ovate, 3.5–5 × 2.4–3.5 cm, base tapered, leaflets 3–5-lobed, lobes linear, narrowly elliptic, or oblong, 1–2.5(–5) mm wide, margins entire, usually densely ciliate, apex acute to obtuse, mucronulate, surfaces glabrous or puberulent; cauline similar to basal except: stipules ovate to linear-lanceolate, margins entire or toothed, apex acute; petiole 0.9–4 cm; blade 1.1–4.1 × 1–3.6 cm. |
basal, 6–22, ascending to erect; stipules linear-lanceolate, margins remotely denticulate, apex acuminate; petiole 1–13 cm, narrowly winged distally, glabrous or puberulent; blade unlobed, oblong-ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or narrowly ovate, 1–4.5(–10) × 0.6–2(–4) cm, base usually truncate, sometimes ± cordate or broadly cuneate, margins crenulate, ciliate or eciliate, apex obtuse or ± acute, surfaces glabrous or puberulent. |
Peduncles | 2–12.5 cm, glabrous or puberulent. |
2.5–6 cm, glabrous, bracteoles near middle. |
Flowers | sepals lanceolate, margins ciliate, auricles 0.5–1.5 mm; petals light golden yellow adaxially, upper 2 dark brown to ± black abaxially, lower 3 dark brown-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 8–21 mm, spur dark greenish to dark brown, gibbous, 1.5–2 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers absent. |
sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals light violet or purple on both surfaces, rarely all white, lower 3 dark violet-veined, lateral 2 beardless or sparsely bearded, lowest 14–25 mm, spur pale to dark violet, elongated, 6–9 mm, tip hooked up; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers present. |
Capsules | spherical to oblong, 5–12 mm, glabrous. |
narrowly ellipsoid, 5–12 mm, glabrous. |
Seeds | light brown, 2.8–3.3 mm. |
dark brown, ca. 2 mm. |
2n | = 24, 48. |
= 48. |
Viola douglasii |
Viola prionantha |
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Phenology | Flowering Feb–Jul. | Flowering Apr–May. |
Habitat | Vernally moist grassy slopes and flats, often serpentine soil (except Oregon) | Lawns, roads, roadsides |
Elevation | 20–2300 m (100–7500 ft) | 200–900 m (700–3000 ft) |
Distribution |
CA; OR; Mexico (Baja California)
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KS; NE; Asia (China, Korea, Russia) [Introduced in North America] |
Discussion | Viola douglasii is tetraploid (n = 12) south of, and octoploid (n = 24) north of, San Francisco Bay, California. It forms sterile hybrids with V. quercetorum (J. Clausen 1964). V. B. Baird (1936) described V. douglasii × purpurea, which Clausen later said was actually V. quercetorum, not described at the time of Baird’s publication. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
In 1952, plants of Viola initially identified as V. patrinii were collected and reported by C. T. Rogerson to be established in lawns on the campus of Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, where they are still found. S. B. Rolfsmeier recently determined that these plants are V. prionantha. R. B. Kaul reported that V. prionantha occurs along roadsides in Kansas and is also established in the floodplain of the North Platte River in Nebraska, where it was first collected by him in 1992. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 129. | FNA vol. 6, p. 149. |
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | V. chrysantha | |
Name authority | Steudel: Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2, 2. 771. (1841) | Bunge: Enum. Pl. China Bor., 8. (1833) |
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