Viola douglasii |
Viola clauseniana |
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Douglas' golden violet, Douglas' or Douglas' golden violet, Douglas' violet, Douglas' yellow violet, golden violet |
Clausen's violet |
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Habit | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 3–20 cm. | Plants perennial, acaulescent, not stoloniferous, 3–20 cm; rhizome short, slender, fleshy. |
Stems | 1–3, decumbent or ascending to erect, ca. 1/2 subterranean, glabrous or puberulent, from single, short, vertical, deep-seated caudex. |
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Leaves | basal and cauline; basal: 1–6, bipinnately compound, leaflets 3–5; stipules adnate to petiole forming 2 linear-lanceolate wings, unlobed, margins entire, apex of each wing free, acute to acuminate; petiole 5–6.8 cm, glabrous or puberulent; blade ovate, 3.5–5 × 2.4–3.5 cm, base tapered, leaflets 3–5-lobed, lobes linear, narrowly elliptic, or oblong, 1–2.5(–5) mm wide, margins entire, usually densely ciliate, apex acute to obtuse, mucronulate, surfaces glabrous or puberulent; cauline similar to basal except: stipules ovate to linear-lanceolate, margins entire or toothed, apex acute; petiole 0.9–4 cm; blade 1.1–4.1 × 1–3.6 cm. |
basal, 2–10, often prostrate, sometimes ascending; stipules narrowly lanceolate, margins faintly glandular-toothed, apex acute or obtuse; petiole 5–11 cm, glabrous; blade unlobed, ± deltate, 3–5 × 4–5 cm, base ± truncate, margins serrate, ciliate or eciliate, apex obtuse, surfaces usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely pubescent abaxially. |
Peduncles | 2–12.5 cm, glabrous or puberulent. |
8–14 cm, glabrous. |
Flowers | sepals lanceolate, margins ciliate, auricles 0.5–1.5 mm; petals light golden yellow adaxially, upper 2 dark brown to ± black abaxially, lower 3 dark brown-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 8–21 mm, spur dark greenish to dark brown, gibbous, 1.5–2 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers absent. |
sepals lanceolate to ovate, margins eciliate or ciliate around auricles, auricles 1–2 mm; petals light violet on both surfaces, lower 3 purple-veined, all beardless, lowest petal 8–20 mm, spur white, gibbous, 2–3 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers on prostrate to ascending peduncles. |
Capsules | spherical to oblong, 5–12 mm, glabrous. |
oblong, 8–10 mm, glabrous. |
Seeds | light brown, 2.8–3.3 mm. |
dark brown to black, 1.2–2 mm. |
2n | = 24, 48. |
= 44. |
Viola douglasii |
Viola clauseniana |
|
Phenology | Flowering Feb–Jul. | Flowering Apr–Jun. |
Habitat | Vernally moist grassy slopes and flats, often serpentine soil (except Oregon) | Hanging gardens, seeps, springs, shady areas |
Elevation | 20–2300 m (100–7500 ft) | 1600 m (5200 ft) |
Distribution |
CA; OR; Mexico (Baja California)
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UT |
Discussion | Viola douglasii is tetraploid (n = 12) south of, and octoploid (n = 24) north of, San Francisco Bay, California. It forms sterile hybrids with V. quercetorum (J. Clausen 1964). V. B. Baird (1936) described V. douglasii × purpurea, which Clausen later said was actually V. quercetorum, not described at the time of Baird’s publication. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Of conservation concern. Viola clauseniana is endemic to Zion National Park, Washington County. M. S. Baker reported that its seeds were minutely roughed, a characteristic not recorded for other Viola species. Viola clauseniana was originally thought to be closely related to the acaulescent blue violets, most notably V. nephrophylla (S. L. Welsh et al. 1987; L. E. McKinney 1992). After contemplating the 2n = 44 chromosome count obtained by J. Clausen (1964), H. E. Ballard (pers. comm.) suggested that V. clauseniana might be more closely related with the stemless white violets (for example, V. blanda) than with V. nephrophylla. Viola clauseniana was considered a distinct species by N. H. Holmgren (2005d) and T. Marcussen and T. Karlsson (2010). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 129. | FNA vol. 6, p. 128. |
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | V. chrysantha | |
Name authority | Steudel: Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2, 2. 771. (1841) | M. S. Baker: Madroño 4: 194. (1938) |
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