Viola cuneata |
Viola canina |
|
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northern two-eyed or wedge-leaf violet, northern two-eyed violet, wedge-leaf violet |
dog violet, heath dog-violet |
|
Habit | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 2–25 cm. | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 2–40 cm. |
Stems | 1–3, usually erect, sometimes prostrate or ascending, glabrous, from shallow, fleshy rhizome or deep-seated caudex with fleshy roots. |
1–5, ascending to erect, glabrous, on caudex from subligneous rhizome. |
Leaves | basal and cauline; basal: 2–6; stipules lanceolate, margins entire or gland-toothed, apex acute; petiole 4.5–9.8 cm, glabrous; blade purple-veined, orbiculate-ovate to deltate, 1–4 × 2.7–3.8 cm, usually shiny, leathery, base cuneate, margins serrate, eciliate, apex acute, mucronulate, surfaces glabrous; cauline similar to basal except: stipules lanceolate to ovate, margins entire or erose to lacerate, with or without gland-tipped processes, apex acute to acuminate; petiole 0.5–20 cm; blade usually rhombic, sometimes orbiculate, 0.9–2.6 × 0.7–1.8 cm, margins crenate to ± serrate, apex acute to obtuse. |
cauline; stipules linear to lanceolate, margins ± lacerate to subentire, points often gland-tipped, apex acute; petiole 0.3–2.5 cm, glabrous; blade ovate to narrowly ovate, 1.2–5.2 × 1–2.7 cm, base cordate or deeply cordate to truncate, margins crenate, eciliate, apex acute to obtuse, abaxial surface glabrous or sparsely pubescent on veins, adaxial surface glabrous or sparsely pubescent. |
Peduncles | 1–10.5 cm, glabrous. |
1–10 cm, glabrous or sparsely puberulent. |
Flowers | sepals lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 0.5–1 mm; petals deep reddish violet abaxially, white adaxially, upper 2 sometimes with purple patch basally, lateral 2 with purple patch basally beyond smaller yellow area, usually bearded, sometimes beardless, lowest purple-veined with yellow area basally, 8–14 mm, spur yellow, gibbous, 1–2 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
sepals lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 2–3 mm; petals usually blue- to gray-violet on both surfaces, rarely white, white basally, lower 3 dark violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 15–25 mm, spur light yellow to light green or white, gibbous to usually elongated, 3–5 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
Capsules | ± spherical, 5–9 mm, glabrous. |
ovoid, 7.5–9 mm, glabrous. |
Seeds | deep brown-purple, 2.1–3 mm. |
light to dark brown; 1.7–2.1 mm. |
2n | = 40. |
|
Viola cuneata |
Viola canina |
|
Phenology | Flowering Mar–Sep. | Flowering May–Jul. |
Habitat | Open pine or oak forests, often serpentine soil | Sunny to shady, dry to slightly moist ground, heath lands, grazed or mown grassland, dunes, rock ledges, open woodland, disturbed areas (roadsides, railway banks, gravel pits), littoral vegetation of lakes and streams |
Elevation | 600–2200 m (2000–7200 ft) | 20–300 m (100–1000 ft) |
Distribution |
CA; OR
|
Greenland; Europe; Asia |
Discussion | Viola cuneata often occurs on serpentine-derived soil and is closely related to V. flettii, V. hallii, and V. ocellata (V. B. Baird 1942). Originally described as beardless by Watson, the lateral petals of flowers in the same population can be prominently bearded or essentially beardless. The cauline blades of Viola cuneata are often vertical, especially early in season. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Viola canina was possibly introduced in Greenland (T. Marcussen and T. Karlsson et al. 2010). Hybrids of Viola canina are known with the European species V. mirabilis Linnaeus, V. pumila Chaix, V. reichenbachiana Jordan ex Boreau, V. riviniana Reichenbach, V. rupestris F. W. Schmidt (both subspecies), V. stagnina Kitaibel, and V. uliginosa Besser. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 129. | FNA vol. 6, p. 127. |
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | V. canina var. montana, V. montana, V. nemoralis | |
Name authority | S. Watson: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 14: 290. (1879) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 935. (1753) |
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