Viola cuneata
Viola biflora
northern two-eyed or wedge-leaf violet, northern two-eyed violet, wedge-leaf violet
arctic yellow violet, European field pansy, northern violet, queen Charlotte twinflower violet, twinflower violet
1–3, usually erect, sometimes prostrate or ascending, glabrous, from shallow, fleshy rhizome or deep-seated caudex with fleshy roots.
1–3+, ascending or erect, leafy proximally and distally, glabrous, on caudex from fleshy rhizome.
basal and cauline;
basal: 2–6;
stipules lanceolate, margins entire or gland-toothed, apex acute;
petiole 4.5–9.8 cm, glabrous;
blade purple-veined, orbiculate-ovate to deltate, 1–4 × 2.7–3.8 cm, usually shiny, leathery, base cuneate, margins serrate, eciliate, apex acute, mucronulate, surfaces glabrous;
cauline similar to basal except: stipules lanceolate to ovate, margins entire or erose to lacerate, with or without gland-tipped processes, apex acute to acuminate;
petiole 0.5–20 cm;
blade usually rhombic, sometimes orbiculate, 0.9–2.6 × 0.7–1.8 cm, margins crenate to ± serrate, apex acute to obtuse.
basal and cauline;
basal: 2–3(–4);
stipules ovate-lanceolate, ovate, or oblong, margins entire, apex ± acute;
petiole 1.5–15 cm, glabrous;
blade broadly reniform to orbiculate, 0.5–4.6 × 0.9–6.4 cm, base cordate, margins crenate to crenate-serrate, ciliate, apex obtuse, rounded, or truncate, rarely with terminal point, abaxial surface sparsely puberulent on veins, adaxial surface glabrate to ± densely puberulent;
cauline similar to basal except: stipules lanceolate, ovate, or oblong, margins entire to erose, apex acute to obtuse;
petiole 0.3–7(–10) cm;
blade sometimes ovate, 0.8–3.7 × 1–4.8 cm.
1–10.5 cm, glabrous.
2–9 cm, usually glabrous.
sepals lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 0.5–1 mm;
petals deep reddish violet abaxially, white adaxially, upper 2 sometimes with purple patch basally, lateral 2 with purple patch basally beyond smaller yellow area, usually bearded, sometimes beardless, lowest purple-veined with yellow area basally, 8–14 mm, spur yellow, gibbous, 1–2 mm;
style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary.
sepals with or without purple stripe on both sides of midvein, narrowly lanceolate to oblong, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 0.5–1 mm;
petals deep lemon-yellow on both surfaces, lower 3 and often upper 2 brownish purple-veined, lateral 2 beardless, lowest 6–15 mm, spur yellow to yellowish green, gibbous, 2–2.5 mm;
style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers axillary.
± spherical, 5–9 mm, glabrous.
oblong-ovoid, 3–6 mm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent.
deep brown-purple, 2.1–3 mm.
purple, sometimes streaked with light and dark brown, 1.5–2.5 mm.
Viola cuneata
Viola biflora
Viola cuneata often occurs on serpentine-derived soil and is closely related to V. flettii, V. hallii, and V. ocellata (V. B. Baird 1942). Originally described as beardless by Watson, the lateral petals of flowers in the same population can be prominently bearded or essentially beardless. The cauline blades of Viola cuneata are often vertical, especially early in season.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Varieties 5 (2 in the flora).
Viola biflora may be the most widely distributed species of the genus in the Northern Hemisphere. Although occurring most often in mountainous areas at high elevations, it is known from Alaska near the coast at elevations of ca. 45 m (PNW Herbaria Portal 2010) and has been reported from lowland meadows in Kamchatka (V. B. Baird 1942), and is occasionally found near sea level in exposed rocky habitats on the west coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands (R. A. Calder and R. L. Taylor 1968).
Sometimes described as high latitude, circumpolar, Viola biflora also occurs in mid latitudes north of the equator. It is not truly circumpolar; it does not occur in eastern Canada or in Greenland. The deeply cleft style head sets V. biflora apart from all other species in North America. V. B. Baird (1942) suggested that the occasional presence of two cleistogamous flowers in the axil of the same leaf may account for the name “biflora.”
H. N. Ridley (1930) said that in Europe, deer (Cervus dama Linnaeus and Rangifer tarandus Linnaeus) may play a role in the dispersal of Viola biflora; seeds have been recovered from their droppings.
Nonflowering Viola biflora can be confused with V. renifolia where their ranges overlap in Yukon, Alaska, and Colorado.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Lowest petal 6–10 mm; seeds 1.5–2 mm; sepals usually without purple stripe; Yukon, Alaska, Colorado. | var. biflora |
1. Lowest petal 11–15 mm; seeds 2.5 mm; sepals usually with purple stripe; Queen Charlotte Islands, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. | var. carlottae |
CA
OR
Flora NW
PNW Herbaria
WildflowerSearch
iNaturalist
USDA Plants Database
BC
