Viola cucullata |
Viola frank-smithii |
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blue marsh violet, marsh blue or northern bog or marsh or blue marsh violet, marsh blue violet, violette cucullée |
Frank Smith violet, Frank-Smith's violet |
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Habit | Plants perennial, acaulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–20 cm; rhizome thick, fleshy. | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 1.5–12.5 cm. |
Stems | 1–4, decumbent or ascending to erect, glabrous, on caudex from fleshy rhizome. |
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Leaves | basal, 4–8, ascending to erect; stipules linear-lanceolate, margins entire, apex acute; petiole 6–20 cm, usually glabrous; blade unlobed, ovate to reniform, 1.5–11 × 1–9 cm, base reniform to cordate, margins crenate to serrate, ciliate, apex acute or obtuse to slightly caudate, surfaces glabrous, rarely pubescent. |
basal and cauline; basal: 2–3; stipules lanceolate, margins fimbriate, apex acute; petiole 1.5–6(–14) cm, glabrous; blade broadly ovate to deltate, 1.3–2.9(–4.1) × 1.3–2.9 cm, base cordate to truncate, margins crenate, eciliate, apex obtuse to rounded, surfaces glabrous; cauline similar to basal except: petiole 1.3–6.5 cm; blade 1.1–2.2 × 0.7–1.6 cm. |
Peduncles | 7–25 cm, glabrous or pubescent. |
2.5–7(–11.2) cm, glabrous. |
Flowers | sepals lanceolate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 3–6 mm; petals light to dark blue-violet to violet on both surfaces, upper 2 and lateral 2 darker basally, lateral 2 densely bearded, lowest white basally, dark purple-veined, 9–13 mm, spur color same as petals, gibbous, 2–3 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles. |
sepals lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 0.5–1.5 mm; all petals usually pale purple, sometimes almost white adaxially, lateral 2 and lowest purple-veined, lateral and upper 2 violet abaxially, white basally, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 10–16(–18) mm, spur greenish to pale lime green, gibbous, 1.6–3 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers unknown. |
Capsules | ellipsoid to ± ovoid, 10–15 mm, glabrous. |
ovoid, 3–7 mm, glabrous. |
Seeds | beige, mottled to bronze, 1–2 mm. |
pale yellow, 2.4–2.8 mm. |
2n | = 54. |
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Viola cucullata |
Viola frank-smithii |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Jun. | Flowering May–Jul. |
Habitat | Open or wooded wet areas, seeps, springs, swamps, marshes, streamsides | Cracks, crevices, and narrow ledges of vertical limestone and dolomite rock faces, humid, shady places |
Elevation | 0–2000 m (0–6600 ft) | 1600–2100 m (5200–6900 ft) |
Distribution |
AR; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; SC; TN; VA; VT; WI; WV; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC; SPM
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UT |
Discussion | Viola cucullata reportedly hybridizes with V. sororia (= V. ×bissellii House), V. brittoniana (= V. ×notabilis E. P. Bicknell), and V. sagittata var. sagittata (= V. ×porteriana House). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Of conservation concern. Viola frank-smithii is endemic to Logan Canyon, Cache County, Utah. N. H. Holmgren (2005d) wrote that it likely has its ancestral ties with V. adunca. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 128. | FNA vol. 6, p. 131. |
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | V. cucullata var. leptosepala, V. cucullata var. macrotis, V. cucullata var. microtitis, V. dicksonii, V. leptosepala, V. macrotis | |
Name authority | Aiton: Hort. Kew. 3: 288. (1789) | N. H. Holmgren: Brittonia 44: 303, fig. 1E – H. (1992) |
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