Viola bicolor |
Viola japonica |
|
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field pansy, violette de Rafinesque, wild pansy |
Japanese violet |
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Habit | Plants perennial, acaulescent, not stoloniferous, 3–10 cm; rhizome thick, fleshy. | |
Leaves | basal, ca. 5, ascending to erect; stipules ± oblong, 2-fid, proximal margins entire, distal ± serrate, apex acuminate; petiole narrowly winged distally, 1–14 cm, usually glabrous; blade unlobed, broadly ovate or triangular-ovate, 3–8 × 3–5.5 cm, base cordate, margins crenate, usually eciliate, apex acute or ± obtuse, surfaces sparsely puberulent. |
|
Peduncles | 1–4.5 cm, glabrous or pubescent. |
3–6 cm, glabrous or pubescent, bracteoles near middle. |
Flowers | sepals ovate to lanceolate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 0.5–2 mm; petals white or cream to pale bluish violet on both surfaces, dark purple-veined, lateral 2 longer than sepals, bearded, lowest 8–10 mm, spur white to blue-violet, gibbous, 1–1.5 mm, shorter than or equaling sepal auricles; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
sepals broadly lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 6–8 mm; petals light violet or whitish violet on both surfaces, lowest 3 occasionally white basally, often dark violet-veined, lateral 2 sparsely bearded or beardless, lowest 17–20 mm, spur pale to dark violet, elongated, 5–10 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers present. |
Capsules | ellipsoid to oblong, 4–7 mm, glabrous. |
ellipsoid, 8–10 mm, glabrous. |
Seeds | beige to bronze, 0.3–1.5 mm. |
unknown. |
Gardens | and ruderal areas; 10–50 m; introduced; Mass.; Asia (China, Japan, Korea). |
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2n | = 34. |
= 48.Flowering Apr–Jun. |
Viola bicolor |
Viola japonica |
|
Phenology | Flowering Mar–May. | Flowering Apr–Jun. |
Habitat | Prairies, open woodlands, fields, pastures, roadsides, lawns, waste ground | Gardens and ruderal areas |
Elevation | 0–3000 m (0–9800 ft) | 10–50 m (0–200 ft) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; MO; MS; NC; NE; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; WV; ON; SK
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MA; Asia (China, Japan, Korea) [Introduced in North America] |
Discussion | Viola bicolor is the only pansy native to North America (V. B. Baird 1942; J. Clausen et al. 1964; A. E. Radford et al. 1968) and is the only annual Viola species that produces cleistogamous flowers (Baird; A. Gershoy 1934). Roots of V. bicolor have the odor of wintergreen when crushed (W. J. Hayden and J. Clough 1990). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
|
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 122. | FNA vol. 6, p. 134. |
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | V. kitaibeliana var. rafinesquei, V. rafinesquei | |
Name authority | Pursh: Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 175. (1813) | Langsdorff ex Gingins: in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle, Prodr. 1: 295. (1824) |
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