Viola bakeri |
Viola vallicola |
|
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Baker's violet, yellow prairie violet |
sagebrush violet, valley violet, valley yellow violet, yellow prairie violet, yellow sagebrush violet |
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Habit | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 3–30 cm. | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 2–18 cm. |
Stems | 1–4, usually erect, sometimes prostrate or decumbent, leafy proximally and distally, usually puberulent, from usually vertical, subligneous rhizome. |
1–5, decumbent or ascending to erect, leafy proximally and distally, ca. 1/2 subterranean, glabrate to puberulent, on caudex from usually vertical, subligneous rhizome. |
Leaves | basal and cauline; basal: 1–4; stipules adnate to petiole, forming 2 linear-lanceolate wings, margins entire, apex of each wing free, acute to acuminate; petiole 1–15.4 cm, glabrous or puberulent; blade lanceolate, oblanceolate, or elliptic, rarely ovate, 1.8–8.8 × 0.7–3.9 cm, thin, base attenuate, often oblique, margins usually entire, sometimes with a few sharp teeth or crenulate, ciliate, apex acute to obtuse, mucronulate, surfaces glabrous or puberulent on margins or veins; cauline similar to basal except: stipules ovate to lanceolate, margins entire or lacerate, sometimes with glandular projections, apex with 2–3 projections; petiole 1.5–7.5 cm; blade 1.9–6.7 × 0.5–1.6 cm. |
basal and cauline; basal: 1–6; stipules adnate to petiole, forming 2 linear-lanceolate wings, margins entire, apex of each wing free, sometimes divided into filiform processes; petiole 3–10 cm, glabrous or puberulent; blade ovate to oblong-ovate, 1.5–4.3 × 0.9–1.1 cm, base usually truncate, sometimes attenuate, margins entire or serrulate, sometimes sinuate, ciliate (sometimes only on proximal 1/2 of leaf), apex acute to obtuse, surfaces glabrous or puberulent; cauline similar to basal except: stipules linear to linear-lanceolate, margins ± entire, apex acute; petiole 1.5–9.2 cm; blade ovate or lanceolate to elliptic, 2.3–4 × 1–2 cm, length ca. 2.2 times width, base usually ± truncate to subcordate, sometimes attenuate on new leaves, margins sinuate, apex acute. |
Peduncles | 1.5–11.6 cm, glabrous or pubescent. |
3–11.5 cm, glabrous or puberulent. |
Flowers | sepals lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 0.5–1 mm; petals deep lemon-yellow adaxially, upper 2 often brownish purple abaxially, lower 3 dark brown- to brownish purple-veined, lateral 2 sparsely bearded, lowest 6–14 mm, spur yellow, gibbous, 1–2 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
sepals lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 0.5–1 mm; petals deep lemon-yellow adaxially or on both surfaces, upper 2 often brownish purple abaxially, lower 3 dark brown- to brownish purple-veined, lateral 2 sparsely bearded, lowest 9–14 mm, spur yellow, gibbous, 0.8–1.2 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
Capsules | spherical to ovoid, 5–10 mm, usually glabrous, rarely finely puberulent. |
spherical, ca. 5 mm, glabrous or finely puberulent. |
Seeds | light to medium brown or dark red-brown, 2.6–3.1 mm, elaiosome not covering funiculus. |
tan, 2.1–2.2 mm, elaiosome extending beyond and covering funiculus. |
2n | = 48. |
= 12. |
Viola bakeri |
Viola vallicola |
|
Phenology | Flowering May–Jul. | Flowering late Mar–early Jul. |
Habitat | Wet and dry places in openings of coniferous forests | Sagebrush flats, prairie grasslands, open forests, juniper woodlands |
Elevation | 900–3800 m (3000–12500 ft) | 400–2800 m (1300–9200 ft) |
Distribution |
CA; NV; OR; WA
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CO; KS; MT; ND; SD; WY; BC; SK
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Discussion | M. S. Baker (1957) wrote that Viola bakeri flowers were often without a brownish tinge on the back. Subsequent collections have shown that the upper two petals of V. bakeri are often brownish purple abaxially and thus this characteristic cannot be used to distinguish V. bakeri from V. praemorsa, as previously done (P. A. Munz 1959; C. L. Hitchcock et al. 1955–1969, vol. 3). Greene wrote in his description of Viola bakeri that the whole plant was glabrous; he did not mention leaf margins. M. S. Baker (1957) examined the type specimen at UC and apparently was the first to document that its leaf margins are entire. He also noted that under magnification the leaves are ciliate and more or less puberulent. D. M. Fabijan et al. (1987) stated that margins were always entire and ciliate and more or less pubescent throughout. Some collections of V. bakeri from California have leaves with a sharp point or two on the margin, or crenulations on some portion of the basal or cauline blade margins. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
D. M. Fabijan et al. (1987) distinguished two varieties of Viola vallicola based on geographic location and type of leaf flavonoids: 1) var. major (Hooker) Fabijan, occurring west of the Continental Divide with leaf flavonoids primarily kaempferol derivatives; and 2) var. vallicola occurring east of the Continental Divide with leaf flavonoids all apigenin derivatives. Fabijan et al. reported that var. major (valley violet) occurs in sagebrush flats, prairie grasslands, open forests, juniper woodlands, 400–2800 m, in Alberta, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. M. S. Baker (1957) noted that there is only a tendency for leaves of Viola vallicola to be wide with truncate bases; on some plants only a few leaves are truncate. Images of type specimens at NY show truncate leaf bases for most basal and cauline leaves, with only some cauline leaves being attenuate. The key to V. vallicola in D. M. Fabijan et al. (1987) described the cauline leaf bases as truncate with some later cauline leaves becoming cuneate. G. Davidse (1976) stated that the V. vallicola plants he studied had cordate to truncate leaf bases; he made no distinction between basal and cauline leaves. Baker stated that V. vallicola may have given rise to V. nuttallii through a doubling of its chromosomes. Because intermediate leaf forms are found in areas where Viola vallicola and V. nuttallii are sympatric, some question the specific status of V. vallicola. No hybrids involving V. nuttallii and V. vallicola are known (D. M. Fabijan et al. 1987). V. Harms (pers. comm.) reported that Viola vallicola is frequent in southern Saskatchewan grasslands, usually occurring with V. nuttallii and appearing the more frequent of the two. Observed pollinators of Viola vallicola in the intermountain region include flies in the genera Bombylius Linnaeus and Eristalis Latreille (G. Davidse 1976). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 121. | FNA vol. 6, p. 162. |
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | V. bakeri subsp. shastensis, V. nuttallii var. bakeri | Crocion vallicola, V. nuttallii subsp. vallicola, V. nuttallii var. vallicola, V. physalodes, V. russellii, V. subsagittifolia |
Name authority | Greene: Pittonia 3: 307. (1898) | A. Nelson: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 128. (1899) |
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