Viola arvensis |
Viola villosa |
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European field violet, European field-pansy, field pansy, field violet, pansy, violette des champs, wild pansy |
Carolina violet, southern woolly violet |
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Habit | Plants annual, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–35 cm. | Plants perennial, acaulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–15 cm; rhizome thick, fleshy. |
Stems | 1–5, usually erect, sometimes prostrate or decumbent, branched, subglabrous or puberulent, clustered on taproot. |
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Leaves | cauline; stipules palmately lobed, middle lobe oblanceolate, obovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, ± equaling leaf blade, proximal lobes dissected, shorter, margins ciliate, apex acute to obtuse; petiole 0.5–2.3 cm, glabrous or puberulent; blade: proximal ovate to ± oblong, distal narrowly or broadly lanceolate, 0.8–3.4 × 0.3–1.9 cm, base attenuate to ± truncate, margins coarsely crenate-serrate, ciliate or eciliate, apex acute to obtuse, surfaces pubescent abaxially, at least on major veins, glabrous adaxially. |
basal, 4–9, prostrate to ascending; stipules linear-lanceolate, margins entire, apex acute; petiole 3–10 cm, densely pubescent; blade unlobed, reniform or ovate to elliptic, 1–8 × 1–5.5 cm, base cordate, margins serrate, ciliate, apex rounded to acute, mucronulate, surfaces densely pubescent. |
Peduncles | 2–8 cm, glabrous or pubescent. |
4–10 cm, puberulent. |
Flowers | sepals lanceolate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 2–4 mm; petals white to pale yellow on both surfaces, upper 2 ± violet, lower 3 with yellow basal area, often violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, ± equaling or shorter than sepals, lowest with dark yellow area basally, 7–15 mm, spur blue-violet to purple, elongated, 3–5 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers absent. |
sepals lanceolate to ovate, margins ciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals light to dark blue-violet on both surfaces, lower 3 white basally and dark violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, spur sometimes bearded, lowest 10–20 mm, spur usually white, gibbous, 2–3 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers on ascending to erect peduncles. |
Capsules | ± spherical, 5–9 mm, glabrous. |
ellipsoid, 6–10 mm, glabrous. |
Seeds | brown, 1.5–1.9 mm. |
beige, mottled to bronze, or dark brown, 1.5–2 mm. |
2n | = 34. |
= 54. |
Viola arvensis |
Viola villosa |
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Phenology | Flowering May–Jul. | Flowering Apr–Jun. |
Habitat | Abandoned fields, roadsides, lawns | Sandy, pine-oak and pine-oak-hickory woods and disturbed ground |
Elevation | 0–3000 m (0–9800 ft) | 10–300 m (0–1000 ft) |
Distribution |
CA; CT; DC; DE; GA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; SPM; Asia (Siberia); Greenland; Europe; Africa [Introduced in North America]
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AL; AR; FL; GA; LA; MS; NC; OK; SC; TX
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Discussion | A. R. Clapham et al. (1987) noted that Viola arvensis is pollinated by insects and is often selfed; T. Marcussen and T. Karlsson (2010) stated that V. arvensis regularly self-pollinates. Roots of V. arvensis have the odor of wintergreen when crushed (A. E. Radford et al. 1968; W. J. Hayden and J. Clough 1990). Viola arvensis is not vegetatively distinguishable from V. tricolor var. tricolor. G. Halliday (pers. comm.) reported that Viola arvensis occurs in southwestern Greenland, where it is introduced, and is ephemeral on St. Pierre and Miquelon. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Much of the foliage of Viola villosa remains green throughout the winter (V. B. Baird 1942). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 121. | FNA vol. 6, p. 163. |
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Mnemion arvense, V. tricolor var. arvensis | V. alabamensis |
Name authority | Murray: Prodr. Stirp. Gott., 73. (1770) | Walter: Fl. Carol., 219. (1788) |
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