Viola arvensis |
Viola ocellata |
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European field violet, European field-pansy, field pansy, field violet, pansy, violette des champs, wild pansy |
pinto violet, two-eyed violet, western heart's ease, western heart's ease or two-eyed or southern two-eyed violet |
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Habit | Plants annual, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–35 cm. | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 2–37 cm. |
Stems | 1–5, usually erect, sometimes prostrate or decumbent, branched, subglabrous or puberulent, clustered on taproot. |
1–3, ascending to erect, ± glabrous or usually puberulent, on caudex from shallow, fleshy rhizome or deep-seated caudex with fleshy roots. |
Leaves | cauline; stipules palmately lobed, middle lobe oblanceolate, obovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, ± equaling leaf blade, proximal lobes dissected, shorter, margins ciliate, apex acute to obtuse; petiole 0.5–2.3 cm, glabrous or puberulent; blade: proximal ovate to ± oblong, distal narrowly or broadly lanceolate, 0.8–3.4 × 0.3–1.9 cm, base attenuate to ± truncate, margins coarsely crenate-serrate, ciliate or eciliate, apex acute to obtuse, surfaces pubescent abaxially, at least on major veins, glabrous adaxially. |
basal and cauline; basal: 1–6; stipules deltate, margins laciniate, apex usually long-acuminate; petiole 3.7–10 cm, puberulent; blade ovate, deltate, or subreniform, 1–6 × 1.2–4 cm, base usually cordate to subcordate, margins crenate, usually ciliate, apex acute, mucronulate, surfaces usually sparsely puberulent, glabrous early; cauline similar to basal except: stipules lanceolate, margins ±fimbriate, sometimes stipitate-glandular, sometimes entire, erose, or ± laciniate; petiole 0.4–9 cm; blade ovate to deltate, 1.6–4.4 × 1.1–3.6 cm, base subcordate to truncate, margins crenate to ± serrate, ciliate, apex acute to obtuse. |
Peduncles | 2–8 cm, glabrous or pubescent. |
1–10 cm, puberulent. |
Flowers | sepals lanceolate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 2–4 mm; petals white to pale yellow on both surfaces, upper 2 ± violet, lower 3 with yellow basal area, often violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, ± equaling or shorter than sepals, lowest with dark yellow area basally, 7–15 mm, spur blue-violet to purple, elongated, 3–5 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers absent. |
sepals lanceolate, margins ciliate, auricles 0.5–1.5 mm; petals white adaxially, upper 2 and sometimes lower 3 deep reddish violet abaxially, all with yellow area basally, lateral 2 with purple patch basally distal to smaller yellow area, bearded, lowest with yellow patch basally, purple-veined, 5–15 mm, spur yellow or greenish, gibbous, 1–2.5 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
Capsules | ± spherical, 5–9 mm, glabrous. |
spherical to spherical-ovoid, 5–11 mm, minutely scabrous. |
Seeds | brown, 1.5–1.9 mm. |
brown-purple, ca. 2 mm. |
2n | = 34. |
= 12. |
Viola arvensis |
Viola ocellata |
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Phenology | Flowering May–Jul. | Flowering Mar–Jul. |
Habitat | Abandoned fields, roadsides, lawns | Rocky areas, grassy banks, thickets, often on serpentine soil |
Elevation | 0–3000 m (0–9800 ft) | 100–1100 m (300–3600 ft) |
Distribution |
CA; CT; DC; DE; GA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; SPM; Asia (Siberia); Greenland; Europe; Africa [Introduced in North America]
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CA; OR
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Discussion | A. R. Clapham et al. (1987) noted that Viola arvensis is pollinated by insects and is often selfed; T. Marcussen and T. Karlsson (2010) stated that V. arvensis regularly self-pollinates. Roots of V. arvensis have the odor of wintergreen when crushed (A. E. Radford et al. 1968; W. J. Hayden and J. Clough 1990). Viola arvensis is not vegetatively distinguishable from V. tricolor var. tricolor. G. Halliday (pers. comm.) reported that Viola arvensis occurs in southwestern Greenland, where it is introduced, and is ephemeral on St. Pierre and Miquelon. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 121. | FNA vol. 6, p. 140. |
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Mnemion arvense, V. tricolor var. arvensis | |
Name authority | Murray: Prodr. Stirp. Gott., 73. (1770) | Torrey & A. Gray: Fl. N. Amer. 1: 142. (1838) |
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