Viola arvensis |
Viola howellii |
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European field violet, European field-pansy, field pansy, field violet, pansy, violette des champs, wild pansy |
Howell's violet, violette de Howell |
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Habit | Plants annual, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 5–35 cm. | Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 2–44 cm. |
Stems | 1–5, usually erect, sometimes prostrate or decumbent, branched, subglabrous or puberulent, clustered on taproot. |
1–4, ascending to erect (sometimes later reclining to nearly prostrate), glabrous or sparsely pubescent, on caudex from subligneous rhizome. |
Leaves | cauline; stipules palmately lobed, middle lobe oblanceolate, obovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, ± equaling leaf blade, proximal lobes dissected, shorter, margins ciliate, apex acute to obtuse; petiole 0.5–2.3 cm, glabrous or puberulent; blade: proximal ovate to ± oblong, distal narrowly or broadly lanceolate, 0.8–3.4 × 0.3–1.9 cm, base attenuate to ± truncate, margins coarsely crenate-serrate, ciliate or eciliate, apex acute to obtuse, surfaces pubescent abaxially, at least on major veins, glabrous adaxially. |
basal and cauline; basal: 1–6; stipules linear-lanceolate to oblong, margins mostly entire or laciniate with gland-tipped projections, apex acute to acuminate; petiole 4–15 cm, glabrous or sparsely puberulent; blade ovate to reniform, 1.9–6.8 × 2.1–6.4 cm, thin, base cordate, margins crenate, ciliate, apex acute to usually obtuse, surfaces glabrous or sparsely puberulent; cauline similar to basal except: stipules linear-lanceolate or deltate to oblong, apex acute or long-acuminate; petiole 1–4.5 cm; blade 2–5.1 × 1.2–5.8 cm. |
Peduncles | 2–8 cm, glabrous or pubescent. |
2.8–17.8 cm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. |
Flowers | sepals lanceolate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 2–4 mm; petals white to pale yellow on both surfaces, upper 2 ± violet, lower 3 with yellow basal area, often violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, ± equaling or shorter than sepals, lowest with dark yellow area basally, 7–15 mm, spur blue-violet to purple, elongated, 3–5 mm; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers absent. |
sepals lanceolate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals violet to soft blue-violet on both surfaces, whitish basally, lower 3 dark violet-veined, lateral 2 densely bearded, lowest 14–23 mm, spur blue-violet to whitish, gibbous to elongated, 2.4–5 mm, usually less than 1/2 lowest petal, tip straight; style head bearded; cleistogamous flowers axillary. |
Capsules | ± spherical, 5–9 mm, glabrous. |
ellipsoid, 7–11 mm, glabrous. |
Seeds | brown, 1.5–1.9 mm. |
light brown, 2.1–2.8 mm. |
2n | = 34. |
= 40, 80. |
Viola arvensis |
Viola howellii |
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Phenology | Flowering May–Jul. | Flowering Apr–Jul. |
Habitat | Abandoned fields, roadsides, lawns | Moist, shady areas, coniferous forests, prairies, along streams |
Elevation | 0–3000 m (0–9800 ft) | 50–1500 m (200–4900 ft) |
Distribution |
CA; CT; DC; DE; GA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; SPM; Asia (Siberia); Greenland; Europe; Africa [Introduced in North America]
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CA; OR; WA; BC
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Discussion | A. R. Clapham et al. (1987) noted that Viola arvensis is pollinated by insects and is often selfed; T. Marcussen and T. Karlsson (2010) stated that V. arvensis regularly self-pollinates. Roots of V. arvensis have the odor of wintergreen when crushed (A. E. Radford et al. 1968; W. J. Hayden and J. Clough 1990). Viola arvensis is not vegetatively distinguishable from V. tricolor var. tricolor. G. Halliday (pers. comm.) reported that Viola arvensis occurs in southwestern Greenland, where it is introduced, and is ephemeral on St. Pierre and Miquelon. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Viola howellii is similar to V. adunca and usually occupies moister habitats along the western side of the Cascade Mountains (H. E. Ballard 1992). The first documented record of this species in California was recently reported from Siskiyou County (R. J. Little 2010). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 121. | FNA vol. 6, p. 134. |
Parent taxa | Violaceae > Viola | Violaceae > Viola |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Mnemion arvense, V. tricolor var. arvensis | |
Name authority | Murray: Prodr. Stirp. Gott., 73. (1770) | A. Gray: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 308. (1887) |
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