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sunflower goldeneye, toothleaf, toothleaf goldeneye

goldeneye

Habit Perennials, 100–200 cm. Perennials or shrubs [annuals], 50–200 cm.
Stems

erect or ascending, unbranched or branched.

Leaves

opposite (proximal) or alternate (distal);

petioles 10–55 mm;

blades ovate or rhombic-ovate to lance-ovate or lanceolate, 3.5–12.5 × 1–8 cm, margins serrate or serrulate, faces strigose.

mostly cauline; opposite (proximal) and/or alternate (distal); petiolate or ± sessile;

blades often 3-nerved (from at or near bases), deltate, deltate-ovate, lance-linear, lanceolate, lance-ovate, linear, linear-filiform, rhombic-ovate, or ovate, sometimes pinnately lobed, ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces glabrous or hairy, often gland-dotted.

Peduncles

3–14 cm.

Involucres

11–18 × 7–10 mm.

hemispheric [campanulate], (5–18 ×) 7–15 mm.

Receptacles

flat to convex, paleate (paleae tan, conduplicate, apices often 3-lobed or -toothed).

Ray florets

10–14;

tubes 1 mm, laminae 7–15 mm.

6–18, neuter;

corollas yellow (laminae 2–4-lobed).

Disc florets

50+;

corollas 3–4 mm (staminal filaments hairy).

40–100+, bisexual, fertile;

corollas yellow, tubes shorter than campanulate throats, lobes 5, triangular (style branches slender, apices acute or attenuate).

Phyllaries

persistent, 10–30 in 2–5 series (subequal to unequal).

Heads

usually 3–9+ in ± corymbiform arrays.

radiate, borne singly or (2–25+) in open to crowded, ± corymbiform arrays.

Cypselae

3.5–3.8 mm, ± strigose;

pappi of 2 lacerate, aristate scales 2.2–2.8 mm plus 2–4 lacerate scales 0.5–0.7 mm.

(purplish black, often mottled) ± compressed, often obpyramidal (usually strigose, sometimes glabrous);

pappi 0, or persistent or tardily falling, of 2 lacerate, aristate scales (2.2–5.5 mm) plus [0–]2–4[–6] lacerate or aristate scales (0.5–1.3 mm).

Phyllary

apices abruptly narrowed to acuminate or spatulate (phyllary bases broad, indurate, apices herbaceous).

Paleae

6.5 mm, apices prominently cuspidate.

x

= 17.

2n

= 34.

Viguiera dentata

Viguiera

Phenology Flowering Jun–Oct.
Habitat Dry slopes and canyons, fields, roadside ditches
Elevation 100–2300 m (300–7500 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; NM; TX; Mexico; Central America; West Indies (Cuba)
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from USDA
sw United States; Mexico; Central America; South America
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Viguiera dentata is widespread and variable. It is unique in Helianthinae in the hairy staminal filaments. The name V. dentata var. lancifolia S. F. Blake has been used for plants from Mexico.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Species ca. 150 (3 in the flora).

Viguiera has been long recognized as paraphyletic. Molecular studies are helping to clarify its phylogeny, and the corresponding systematic adjustments are beginning (E. E. Schilling and J. L. Panero 2002). Some groups have already been separated, including Bahiopsis and Heliomeris. It is likely that the genus will be narrowed to include only a single species, V. dentata (including V. helianthoides Kunth), and that new or resurrected genera will accommodate the remaining species. As currently circumscribed, the genus occurs primarily in Mexico and South America and reaches its northern limit of distribution in the southwestern United States. The Mexican (Chihuahua, Durango) V. phenax was collected a single time in Texas [where it was named Helianthus ludens Shinners and Viguiera ludens (Shinners) M. C. Johnston]; it apparently has not become established in the flora area.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Shrubs; leaves ovate (and shallowly to deeply lobed, lobes ± linear) or linear; pappi 0
V. stenoloba
1. Perennials; leaves deltate-ovate, lanceolate, lance-ovate, ovate, or rhombic-ovate (not lobed); pappi usually of 2 lacerate, aristate scales (2.2–5.5 mm) plus 2–4 lacerate or aristate scales (0.5–1.3 mm)
→ 2
2. Petioles 10–55 mm; phyllary apices abruptly narrowed to acuminate or spatulate (phyllary bases broad, indurate, apices herbaceous); disc corollas 3–4 mm (staminal filaments hairy)
V. dentata
2. Petioles 1–8 mm; phyllary apices gradually narrowed; disc corollas 5.5–6.5 mm(staminal filaments glabrous)
V. cordifolia
Source FNA vol. 21, p. 173. FNA vol. 21, p. 172. Author: Edward E. Schilling.
Parent taxa Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae > subtribe Helianthinae > Viguiera Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae > subtribe Helianthinae
Sibling taxa
V. cordifolia, V. stenoloba
Subordinate taxa
V. cordifolia, V. dentata, V. stenoloba
Synonyms Helianthus dentatus
Name authority (Cavanilles) Sprengel: Syst. Veg. 3: 615. (1826) Kunth: in A. von Humboldt et al., Nov. Gen. Sp. 4(fol.): 176. (1818)
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