Vicia
Vicia benghalensis
vetch
purple vetch, reddish tuft vetch
erect, sprawling, or climbing, angled, not winged, glabrous or pubescent, hairs unicellular, eglandular.
sprawling or climbing, slender, 10–20 dm.
alternate, even-pinnate;
stipules present, persistent, inconspicuous or foliose, with or without nectariferous patch;
rachis not winged, usually terminating in a simple or branched, sometimes mucronate, tendril;
petiolate;
leaflets 2–30, usually scattered, ptyxis conduplicate (except in some V. faba), blade margins entire or serrate, surfaces glabrous or pubescent.
3–6 cm;
tendrils branched;
stipules much smaller than leaflets, semisagittate, without nectariferous patch;
leaflets 10–16, blades ovate-oblong to linear, 10–30 × 4–9 mm, apex obtuse, surfaces villous.
2–50-flowered, axillary, racemes, flowers solitary, erect or lax;
bracts and bracteoles absent.
2–12-flowered, 3–12 cm, equal to subtending leaf rachis.
papilionaceous, chasmogamous or cleistogamous;
calyx campanulate, symmetric or oblique, 2-lipped, base sometimes gibbous, lobes 5, equal or unequal, some or all lobes at least 1/2 as long as tube;
corolla white, cream, yellow, rose, lilac, blue, purple, lavender, or violet, wings and keel often lighter than banner, 2–35 mm;
stamens 10, diadelphous;
anthers dorsifixed, uniform;
ovary glabrous or pubescent;
style terete or compressed abaxially or adaxially, not twisted, usually encircled with short hairs just proximal to stigma and/or apically tufted abaxially.
13–18 mm;
calyx base gibbous, lobes unequal, usually equal to tube;
corolla white at base, purple apically, banner pandurate, blade shorter than or equal to claw, glabrous;
style compressed adaxially, pubescent apically.
legumes, sessile or stipitate, terete or flattened, oblong, oblong-falcate, linear, or elliptic, dehiscent, valves twisted after dehiscence, non-septate, margins usually obscure, splitting along both margins, glabrous, glabrate, or pubescent.
tawny, narrowly oblong, 25–35 × 8–12 mm, oblique-tipped, densely villous;
stipe to 1–2 mm.
2–15, usually brown or black, often spherical, sometimes angular.
4 or 5, velvety black with prominent white hilum, compressed-subglobose, 4–5 mm diam.;
hilum encircling 1/5 circumference of seed.
= 6, 7.
= 14.
Vicia
Vicia benghalensis
Species ca. 140 (25 in the flora).
F. K. Kupicha (1976) partitioned Vicia into two subgenera (subg. Vicia and subg. Vicilla) and 22 sections. Vicia species native to North America belong to subg. Vicilla (Schur) Rouy, which includes about 75% of all Vicia; nine of the 12 native Vicia are included in sect. Cracca Dumortier, which contains about 30% of all Vicia. Of the remaining native species, two [V. americana (sect. Americanae Kupicha), and V. leucophaea (sect. Mediocinctae Kupicha)] belong to monospecific sections; the third (V. nigricans) has been placed in sect. Cassubicae Radzhi, which includes another eight perennial European and Asian species. Vicia is predominantly diploid with 2n = 12 or 14. Chromosome counts have been reported for five of the 12 species native to the flora area. There has been no worldwide treatment of the genus at the species level. Vicia in North America was last reviewed by F. J. Hermann (1960) and summarized by D. Isely (1998).
Recent phylogenetic studies (M. F. Wojciechowski et al. 2004) have placed Vicia consistently within the Vicieae as delimited by F. K. Kupicha (1981). The nearest sister group to the Vicieae appears to be Trifolium, but not directly other Trifolieae. Infra-generic relationships within Vicia continue to be explored (M. Leht 2005; Choi B. et al. 2006; Y. Endo et al. 2008; H. Schaefer et al. 2012).
Of the 13 Vicia species introduced to North America, seven probably arrived as agricultural crops and have become locally established to widely naturalized. Agricultural interest in Vicia species has stimulated extensive work on seeds and seedling morphology (F. J. Hermann 1960; C. R. Gunn 1970b; C. N. Nozzolillo 1977; J. S. Lassetter 1978). Seed descriptions reported here are (mostly) from Hermann.
Banner blade and styler morphology have become important indicators of intrageneric relationships within Vicia (F. K. Kupicha 1976; Choi B. et al. 2006; Y. Endo et al. 2008). Banner petals can be oblong (blade and claw of nearly equal width), pandurate (blade and claw of nearly equal width and with constriction between), or stenonychioid (blade notably wider than the claw).
Styles can be terete in cross section, compressed abaxially (perpendicular to the axis of the ovary) or compressed adaxially (parallel to the axis of the ovary). Abaxially compressed styles can be uniformly pubescent near the stigma or tufted with longer hairs adaxially. Descriptions reported here are from F. K. Kupicha 1976, Choi B. et al. 2006, or personal observation.
Unless otherwise noted, the length of leaves listed herein includes petiole and rachis but not tendrils; inflorescence length includes peduncle and raceme at mid flowering; and flower length includes distance from base of calyx to distal margins of wing petals.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Vicia benghalensis is cultivated as a cover crop along the Pacific Coast; it has become established in California. It can be distinguished from V. villosa by its pubescent fruits.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Stipules with nectariferous patch abaxially; inflorescences 2–7-flowered, to 1 cm or flowers solitary, shorter than subtending leaf rachis [subg. Vicia]. | → 2 |
2. Stipules much smaller than leaflets. | V. sepium |
2. Stipules foliose, approaching leaflets in size. | → 3 |
3. Calyx lobes equal or subequal. | → 4 |
4. Flowers 5–8 mm. | V. lathyroides |
4. Flowers 10–35 mm. | → 5 |
5. Calyx lobes ± equal to tube; corollas violet-purple, lavender, or whitish. | V. sativa |
5. Calyx lobes shorter than tube; corollas yellow suffused with violet. | V. grandiflora |
3. Calyx lobes unequal. | → 6 |
6. Herbs stout; calyx lobes longer than tube. | → 7 |
7. Leaflet surfaces glabrous; tendrils absent. | V. faba |
7. Leaflet surfaces sparsely pubescent; tendrils simple or branched. | V. narbonensis |
6. Herbs usually slender or robust; abaxial calyx lobes subequal to tube. | → 8 |
8. Banners glabrous; corollas pale to bright yellow. | V. lutea |
8. Banners pubescent adaxially; corollas cream, sometimes with purplish tinge. | V. pannonica |
1. Stipules without nectariferous patch; inflorescences 2–50-flowered, 1–25 cm, or flowers solitary, somewhat shorter, equaling, or exceeding subtending leaf rachis [subg. Vicilla]. | → 9 |
9. Leaflets 16–30; flowers 15–25 mm, banners oblong. | V. nigricans |
9. Leaflets (2–)4–18(–24); flowers 2–18(–25) mm, banners oblong, pandurate, or stenonychioid. | → 10 |
10. Banners oblong or stenonychioid; calyx base symmetric; styles terete or compressed abaxially. | → 11 |
11. Herbs annual; flowers 2–6 mm. | → 12 |
12. Legumes hirsute, tip oblique. | V. hirsuta |
12. Legumes glabrous, tip rounded, style attached to center of curve. | V. tetrasperma |
11. Herbs perennial; flowers 7–25 mm. | → 13 |
13. Leaflets 8–18, blade surfaces glabrous or finely pubescent; inflorescences 3–9-flowered; flowers 12–25 mm, styles abaxially compressed. | V. americana |
13. Leaflets 6–8, blade surfaces long-villous abaxially, glabrous adaxially; inflorescences 2-flowered or flowers solitary; flowers 7–9 mm, styles terete. | V. leucophaea |
10. Banners pandurate; calyx base symmetric or gibbous; styles compressed adaxially. | → 14 |
14. Flowers 8–18 mm. | → 15 |
15. Leaflets (2 or)4(or 6); inflorescences 5–10-flowered; flowers 8–12 mm. | V. ocalensis |
15. Leaflets 10–24; inflorescences (2–)7–50-flowered; flowers 8–18 mm. | → 16 |
16. Herbs perennial; calyx base symmetric or slightly gibbous; banners equal to or longer than claws; legumes 4–8 mm diam. | → 17 |
17. Stipules semisagittate; corollas usually blue-violet or purple, sometimes lilac or whitish; calyx lobes unequal. | V. cracca |
17. Stipules ligulate; corollas white with blue tip; calyx lobes subequal. | V. caroliniana |
16. Herbs annual or biennial; calyx base gibbous; banners 1/2 length or equal to claws; legumes 6–12 mm diam. | → 18 |
18. Legumes glabrous; widely distributed. | V. villosa |
18. Legumes densely villous; California. | V. benghalensis |
14. Flowers 2–12 mm. | → 19 |
19. Proximal leaves with 2–8 leaflets; longest calyx lobes usually shorter than tube. | → 20 |
20. Herbs annual; inflorescences 1- or 2-flowered. | → 21 |
21. Legumes reddish brown, narrowly oblong-falcate, 15–30 × 4–5 mm, apiculate, glabrous; stipe absent. | V. minutiflora |
21. Legumes tawny, oblong, 22–38 × 5–7 mm, oblique-tipped, strongly reticulate-veined, glabrous or finely pubescent; stipe to 2–3 mm. | V. hassei |
20. Herbs perennial; inflorescences 2–10-flowered. | → 22 |
22. Legumes 8–15 mm; flowers 2–5 mm; leaflets 7–18 mm. | V. floridana |
22. Legumes 20–45 mm; flowers 6–12 mm; leaflets 15–40 mm. | → 23 |
23. Legumes 20–25 mm; flowers 6–8 mm; leaflets 15–30 mm. | V. acutifolia |
23. Legumes 40–45 mm; flowers 8–12 mm; leaflets 30–40 mm. | V. ocalensis |
19. Proximal leaves with 7–24 leaflets; longest calyx lobes equal to or longer than tube. | → 24 |
24. Herbs annual; stipules semisagittate; corollas blue to bluish purple or pinkish white to light lavender. | → 25 |
25. Legumes 12–16 mm; banner blade 2 times length of claw; leaflets 12–20. | V. disperma |
25. Legumes 15–38 mm; banner blade equal to or less than 2 times longer than claw; leaflets 7–14. | V. ludoviciana |
24. Herbs perennial; stipules ligulate; corollas white to cream-white with blue to purple tip. | → 26 |
26. Flowers 8–12 mm; e Texas to Atlantic coast and Great Lakes. | V. caroliniana |
26. Flowers 4–7 mm; Arizona, New Mexico. | V. pulchella |
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