Veratrum californicum
Veratrum
California corn lily, California false hellebore, Californian false hellebore, false-hellebore
corn-lily, false-hellebore, skunk-cabbage, varaire, vérâtre
1–2.5 m, ± glabrous proximally, tomentose distally.
erect, simple, hollow, robust, basally thickened, leafy.
ovate, distalmost lanceolate to lance-linear, 20–40 × 15–25 cm, reduced distally, tomentose-ciliate, curly-hairy abaxially, glabrous or veins sparsely short-hairy adaxially.
alternate, simple, strongly veined, narrowly to broadly orbicular, often plicate, reduced upwards, narrowed into closed, tubular, often overlapping sheaths.
dense-paniculate, with spreading to stiffly erect branches to near tip or distal 1/3–1/2 unbranched, 30–70 cm, tomentose;
bracts ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, shorter than to obviously longer than flowers.
compound-racemose or large terminal-paniculate, bracteate, pubescent.
bisexual or some proximal ones staminate;
perianth perigynous, rotate to ± campanulate, with hypanthium fused to base of ovary;
tepals persistent, 6, spreading to erect, distinct to weakly connate basally, off-white, green, yellow, or purple, petaloid, not clawed, equal to subequal, margins entire or erose-fimbriate;
glands 1–2, basal, on adaxial surface, V-shaped over midrib or marginal pair;
stamens 6, perigynous;
filaments distinct, filiform;
anthers persistent, 1-locular with confluent thecae, cordate-reniform, dehiscence apical/valvate;
ovary superior or partly inferior, 3-locular;
styles 3, erect to divergent, distinct, short;
stigmas elongate, extending down inner style surfaces.
capsular, deeply 3-lobed, style beaks persistent, dehiscence septicidal.
narrowly ovoid, 2–3 cm, glabrous.
flat, winged, 10–12 mm.
ellipsoid to fusiform, flat, broadly winged (± globose with wings reduced to basal ridges in V. fimbriatum).
creamy white, greenish basally, lanceolate to elliptic or oblong-ovate, not or very slightly clawed, 8–17 mm, margins entire to denticulate, glabrous to abaxially tomentose;
gland 1, basal, green, V-shaped;
ovary glabrous or with few hairs;
pedicel 1–6 mm.
= 8.
Veratrum californicum
Veratrum
Varieties 2 (2 in the flora).
Different geographic elements of Veratrum californicum have been described as separate species or varieties. The variation seems to be clinal, with most variants not consistent in their appearance or distribution. We have recognized two varieties that appear to be fairly consistent in their distributions and characteristics.
Western Native Americans (Blackfeet, Paiute, Shoshone, Thompson, and Washoe) used this species as an antirheumatic, poison, contraceptive, and emetic, as well as a skin, respiratory, blood, cold, snake bite, throat, and toothache aid (D. E. Moerman 1986).
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Species 25–30 (5 in the flora).
The number of Veratrum species depends on the taxonomic treatment of four wide-ranging species complexes, three of which are entirely or mainly Eurasian (V. album, V. nigrum Linnaeus, and V. maackii Regel) and one North American (V. viride) (O. Loesener 1926, 1927, 1928; B. Mathew 1989; J. H. Zimmerman 1958). The Asian species have been variously circumscribed (Chen S. C. and H. Takahashi 2000; H. Kato et al. 1996; T. Nakai 1937, 1937b; N. S. Lee 1985, 1985b). Generic size further depends on inclusion or not of the closely related Melanthium (J. D. Ambrose 1975, 1980; P. Goldblatt 1995; M. N. Tamura 1998; W. B. Zomlefer 1997b), here treated as a separate genus.
The medicinal/poisonous properties of Veratrum involve a complex of cerveratrum and jerveratrum alkaloids, some with proven hypotensive properties and others that are highly toxic to humans and livestock (S. M. Kupchan et al. 1961; A. Osol et al. 1960; I. W. Southon and J. Buckingham 1989). Veraloid, a standard mixture of the most hypotensive Veratrum alkaloids, was widely prescribed until late in the nineteenth century, when emetic side effects greatly curtailed its use. The types and concentrations of alkaloids vary with the species, plant part, and season (C. A. Taylor 1956, 1956b).
Several Veratrum species are occasionally cultivated surrounded by low-growing plants for their architectural appeal in mesic or bog gardens. Century-old plants grow from the long-lived rhizome-bulb.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Panicle branched more than 2/3 length of tip; bracts in unbranched portion ovate-elliptic, seldom exceeding flowers. | var. californicum |
1. Panicle unbranched in distal 1/3–1/2; bracts in proximal unbranched portion lanceolate, frequently 2–3 times longer than flowers. | var. caudatum |
1. Ovary and fruit densely tomentose; tepal margins (at least inner) irregularly and shallowly fringed. | V. insolitum |
1. Ovary and fruit glabrous or sparsely pubescent with few ± straight hairs; tepal margins entire to deeply fringed. | → 2 |
2. Tepal margins deeply fimbriate; seeds ± globose, wingless; coastal n California. | V. fimbriatum |
2. Tepal margins entire to finely erose-dentate; seeds flattened, winged; widespread. | → 3 |
3. Tepals green to yellowish green; inflorescence branches drooping or, if spreading to ascending; from east of 85th meridian. | V. viride |
3. Tepals whitish to yellowish green; inflorescence branches spreading to ascending; west of 104th meridian. | → 4 |
4. Stems 1–2.5 m, inflorescences freely branching; south of 50th parallel. | V. californicum |
4. Stems 0.3–1 m, inflorescences spiciform-racemose or few-branched proximally; Seward Peninsula, adjacent Alaska, w Aleutian Islands. | V. album |
OR
WA
Flora NW
PNW Herbaria
WildflowerSearch
iNaturalist
USDA Plants Database
CA
