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huisache, needle bush, sweet acacia

poponax, twisted acacia

Habit Shrubs or trees, erect or prostrate to ascending, to 8 m; bark dark gray to brown, furrowed. Shrubs or trees, erect, to 6 m; bark dark gray to dark brown, shallowly furrowed.
Stems

usually slightly flexuous, usually glabrous, not glutinous; short shoots present.

strongly flexuous, usually pubescent, not glutinous; short shoots present.

Leaves

7–65 mm;

stipular spines terete, straight, 2–35(–55) × 0.5–1.4 mm near base;

petiole (3–)6–12(–17) mm, usually sparsely to densely pubescent, hairs erect;

petiolar gland 1, usually medial on petiole, sessile or short-stalked, circular to slightly elongated, 0.2–1 mm, apex depressed;

rachis 10–55 mm;

pinnae 2–6(or 7) pairs, 6–33 mm;

leaflets 8–19 pairs per pinna, blades flat, oblong, 1.6–6.3 × 0.5–1.7 mm, base oblique and obtuse, apex broadly acute to obtuse, surfaces glabrous, glabrate, or pubescent abaxially, glabrous adaxially.

12–45 mm;

stipular spines terete, straight, 5–40(–55) × 0.7–1.5 mm near base;

petiole 3–7 mm, usually densely pubescent, hairs erect;

petiolar gland 1, variable between medial to near basal positions of lowermost pinnae, sessile, elongated to circular, 0.3–2 mm, apex depressed;

rachis 5–40 mm;

pinnae 2–8 pairs, 12–23 mm;

leaflets 11–19 pairs per pinna, blades flat, oblong, 3–5.5 × 0.9–1.5 mm, base oblique and obtuse, apex broadly acute to obtuse, surfaces glabrous.

Inflorescences

globose heads, densely flowered, 6–10 mm diam., solitary or clusters of 2–5 on short shoots;

involucre at base of head (not obvious).

globose heads, densely flowered, 6–9 mm diam., solitary or clusters of 2–5 on short shoots;

involucre at base of head (not obvious).

Peduncles

12–36(–45) mm.

12–36 mm.

Flowers

bright yellow;

calyx 1.1–1.8 mm, glabrous;

corolla 1.9–2.8 mm, glabrous;

filaments yellow, 3.5–5.5 mm.

pale yellow;

calyx 1.1–1.8 mm, pubescent;

corolla 1.5–2.4 mm, pubescent;

filaments yellow, 3.5–4.5 mm.

Legumes

oblong, nearly terete or elliptic in cross section, 30–170 × 9–18 mm, constricted or not between seeds.

linear, elliptic in cross section, 65–150 × 5–9 mm, constricted between seeds.

Seeds

biseriate, uniseriate, or irregularly arranged.

uniseriate.

2n

= 26.

Vachellia farnesiana

Vachellia tortuosa

Phenology Flowering year-round.
Habitat Thickets, open pastures, suc­cessional fields, dry sites.
Elevation 0–10 m. (0–0 ft.)
Distribution
from USDA
Mexico; Central America; s United States; West Indies; c South America; s South America; intro­duced in Europe; Africa
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
FL; South America; West Indies; Central America (Panama) [Introduced in North America]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Varieties 3 (3 in the flora).

Vachellia farnesiana is the most widespread and morphologically variable species in the genus. Segregate species, subspecies, varieties, and forms have been recognized based on habit, leaflet shape, stem and leaflet pubescence, number of pinna pairs, legume size and shape, and seed position.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Vachellia tortuosa is a lowland species, occurring at or near sea level in southern Florida and the West Indies where it is the dominant and co-dominant of the woody vegetation in scrub thickets. Its presence in extreme southern Florida (Collier, Miami-Dade, and Monroe counties) was probably the result of pre-Columbian introduction, as this species was always associated with sites of human occupation. It is not known from Mexico or most of Central America (H. D. Clarke et al. 1989).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Shrubs, to 1.5 m, prostrate to ascending; leaflet blades 1.6–3 mm.
var. pinetorum
1. Shrubs or trees, to 8 m, erect; leaflet blades 3–6.3 mm.
→ 2
2. Legumes 30–90 mm; seeds biseriate or irregularly arranged.
var. farnesiana
2. Legumes 100–170 mm; seeds uniseriate.
var. minuta
Source FNA vol. 11. FNA vol. 11.
Parent taxa Fabaceae > subfam. Caesalpinioideae (Mimosoid clade) > Vachellia Fabaceae > subfam. Caesalpinioideae (Mimosoid clade) > Vachellia
Sibling taxa
V. bravoensis, V. choriophylla, V. constricta, V. cornigera, V. macracantha, V. rigidula, V. schottii, V. tortuosa, V. vernicosa
V. bravoensis, V. choriophylla, V. constricta, V. cornigera, V. farnesiana, V. macracantha, V. rigidula, V. schottii, V. vernicosa
Subordinate taxa
V. farnesiana var. farnesiana, V. farnesiana var. minuta, V. farnesiana var. pinetorum
Synonyms Mimosa farnesiana, Acacia farnesiana Mimosa tortuosa, Acacia tortuosa
Name authority (Linnaeus) Wight & Arnott: Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 272. (1834) (Linnaeus) Seigler & Ebinger: Phytologia 87: 168. (2006)
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