Ulmus glabra |
Ulmus |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
broad-leaf elm, Scotch elm, wych elm |
elm, orme |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habit | Trees, to 40 m; trunks often multiple; crowns spreading, broadly rounded or ovate. | Trees, less often shrubs, to 35 m; crowns variable. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bark | gray, smooth, furrowed with age. |
gray, brown, or olive to reddish, tan, or orange, deeply furrowed, sometimes with plates (smooth when young in Ulmus glabra). |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Branches | spreading to pendulous, glabrous, branchlets lacking corky wings; twigs ash-gray to red-brown, villous when young. |
unarmed, slender to stout, some with corky wings; twigs glabrous to pubescent. |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Buds | obtuse; scales reddish brown, glabrous to marginally white-ciliate. |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Leaves | blade elliptic to obovate, (4-)7-14(-16) × (3-)4.5-8(-10) cm, base strongly oblique with lowermost lobe strongly overlapping, covering petiole, margins doubly serrate, apex long-acuminate to cuspidate, sometimes with 3 acuminate lobes at broad apex; surfaces abaxially pale green, villous with woolly tufts in vein axils, adaxially dark green, strigose to scabrous, margins not ciliate. |
blade ovate to obovate or elliptic, base usually oblique, sometimes cordate or rounded to cuneate, margins serrate to doubly serrate; venation pinnate. |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Inflorescences | dense fascicles, 8-20-flowered, less than 2.5 cm, flowers and fruits not pendulous; pedicel short, 0.4-0.8 mm, densely pubescent. |
fascicles, racemes, or cymes, pedunculate or subsessile, subtended by 2 bracts. |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Flowers | calyx lobed to ca. 1/2 length, lobes 4-8, reddish pubescent; stamens 5-6, purplish; stigmas reddish, with white pubescence. |
on branches of previous season, appearing in spring before leaves or in fall, bisexual, pedicellate or sessile; calyx 3-9-lobed; stamens 3-9; styles persistent, deeply 2-lobed. |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fruits | samaras, usually flattened, membranously winged. |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Seeds | thickened, not inflated. |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wood | hard. |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Samaras | light greenish brown, elliptic to obovate with blunt or rounded tip, 1.5-2.5 × 1-1.8 mm, broadly winged, pubescent only along central vein of wing, apical cleft minute, obscured by persistent, curved styles. |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
x | = 14. |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2n | = 28. |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ulmus glabra |
Ulmus |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Phenology | Flowering spring–early summer. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Along margins of woodlands and disturbed sites | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0-300 m (0-1000 ft) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
CT; MA; ME; NY; RI; VT; native to Europe and Asia [Introduced in North America]
|
Temperate regions; Northern Hemisphere; most in Eurasia |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Discussion | In the absence of carefully documented naturalized populations, the North American distribution of Ulmus glabra is very poorly known. The species is established locally in British Columbia and California, and probably elsewhere. It has been reported from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, District of Columbia, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Ulmus glabra is similar to U. rubra in leaf morphology but may be readily distinguished by its smooth bark and glabrous samaras. Some of the weeping elms found in cultivation are varieties of U. glabra. The common name wych is derived from Gallic and means "drooping." (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Species 20-40 (10 in the flora). A recent chloroplast DNA study (S. J. Wiegrefe et al. 1994) has led to the proposal of a new subgeneric and sectional classification of elms. The chloroplast DNA data are supported by morphologic, chemical, and nuclear ribosomal DNA evidence and indicate that the "rock" or hard elms (Ulmus serotina, U. thomasii, U. crassifolia, and U. alata) are more closely related than indicated by previous subgeneric treatments (C. K. Schneider 1916; I. A. Grudzinskaya 1980). Most identification manuals include the introduced species, Ulmus glabra, U. procera, and U. parvifolia, and indicate that they are frequently naturalized. That may we. Available herbarium specimens are often inadequately labeled or do not reflect current occurrences. Ease of naturalization can be neither corroborated nor disproved. I include the three species in this treatment because they are known to persist and sometimes naturalize locally where the species have been planted. Extensive field work and collection of U. glabra and U. procera are needed to document their naturalized distributions. Ulmus parvifolia has been widely planted in groves and hedgerows in the Midwest and might well be expected to have become naturalized in more rural settings (S. Shetler, pers. comm., 1995). Street and field elms throughout much of North America have been killed by Dutch elm disease. The pathogen responsible for the disease is Ceratocystis ulmi, a fungus native to Europe that was first discovered in North America in Colorado in the 1930s. Since the rapid spread of the disease in the 1960s, much research has been devoted to development of disease-resistant elms (R. J. Stipes and R. J. Campana 1981). Various hybridization projects, including cloning of disease-resistant elms by the American Research Institute, have been started across the country. Ulmus parvifolia and U. pumila have varying degrees of disease resistance and are utilized as shade trees or in breeding programs (see U. pumila below). Apparently Dutch elm disease also affects U. parviflora, U. glabra, and U. procera; certainly the latter two species are more common as seedlings than as trees. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Key |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Source | FNA vol. 3. | FNA vol. 3. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Ulmaceae > Ulmus | Ulmaceae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Synonyms | U. montana, U. scabra | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | Hudson: Fl. Angl., 95. (1762) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 225. 175: Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 106. (1754) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Web links |
|