Triphysaria eriantha |
Triphysaria |
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butter 'n' eggs, butter-and-eggs, johnny-tuck, johnny-tuck owl-clover |
false owl's-clover, false owl-clover, johnny tuck, owl's-clover |
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Habit | Herbs, annual; hemiparasitic. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | simple or with 1–10 ascending branches proximally, 2–37 cm, glabrous proximally, puberulent to glandular-puberulent distally. |
erect, not fleshy, glabrous or hairy. |
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Leaves | puberulent to glandular-puberulent; proximal cauline: blade linear, 5–25 mm; cauline: blade ± ovate or obovate, 8–50 mm, base sessile, margins pinnatifid, rarely bipinnatifid, lateral lobes 2–11. |
cauline, usually subopposite to opposite proximally, alternate distally; petiole absent; blade not fleshy, not leathery, margins entire (proximal cauline leaves) or pinnatifid, rarely bipinnatifid. |
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Inflorescences | terminal, spikelike racemes; bracts present. |
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Pedicels | 0.3–0.5 mm, glabrous. |
present; bracteoles absent. |
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Flowers | calyx 6–13 mm, puberulent to glandular-puberulent, tube 4–7 mm, lobes triangular to narrowly lanceolate, 1–4 × 1–1.5 mm; corolla yellow, rarely yellow and white, or white, fading to rose pink, 10–25 mm, densely hairy, beak dark purple, not hooked, abaxial lobes spreading, 2–5 mm, throat abruptly indented, forming a fold under abaxial corolla lip, adaxial lobes projecting; stamens included, pollen sac yellow, 1.5–2 mm, glabrous, dehiscing longitudinally; style 12–22 mm, glabrous; stigma capitate. |
sepals 4, calyx bilaterally symmetric, tubular or campanulate, lobes triangular to narrowly lanceolate; petals 5, corolla yellow, white, purple, or white, fading to rose pink, strongly bilabiate, tubular and club-shaped, abaxial lobes 3, saccate, throat folded proximal to abaxial lips (except in T. pusilla), adaxial 2, adaxial lip beaked, ± straight, opening directed forward; stamens 4, didynamous, filaments glabrous, pollen sac 1; staminode 0; ovary 2-locular, placentation axile; stigma capitate, 2-lobed, or filiform to subcapitate. |
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Capsules | 4–8 × 2.5–4.5 mm, glabrous. |
dehiscence loculicidal. |
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Seeds | 30–100, ovoid, 0.5–1 mm. |
10–100, dark brown, ovoid to ellipsoid, wings absent. |
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Spikelike | racemes interrupted, dense distally, 1–24 cm; peduncle absent; bracts pinnatifid, rarely bipinnatifid, ± ovate, 2–30 mm, lateral lobes 2–8. |
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x | = 11. |
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Triphysaria eriantha |
Triphysaria |
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Distribution |
CA; OR
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w North America [Introduced in Asia (China)] |
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Discussion | Subspecies 2 (2 in the flora). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Species 5 (5 in the flora). Taxa of Triphysaria have often been placed in Orthocarpus; both genera have adaxial corolla lips that are open at the tips (versus connate and folded downward forming a hood), expanded stigmas that are either capitate or two-lobed (versus unexpanded), and terminal attachments of the ovules to the placentas (versus lateral attachments). D. C. Tank and R. G. Olmstead (2008) found strong molecular support for their sister relationship. Triphysaria is distinguished from Castilleja by stamens with a single pollen sac (versus two), the throats of the corollas folded proximal to the abaxial corolla lips (except in T. pusilla), and the base chromosome number of 11. Triphysaria pusilla has been introduced in China, where the name T. chinensis (D. Y. Hong) D. Y. Hong has been incorrectly applied to it (T. I. Chuang and L. R. Heckard 1991). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 17, p. 685. | FNA vol. 17, p. 684. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Orobanchaceae > Triphysaria | Orobanchaceae | ||||||||||||||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Synonyms | Orthocarpus erianthus | Orthocarpus subg. triphysaria | ||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | (Bentham) T. I. Chuang & Heckard: Syst. Bot. 16: 660. (1991) | Fischer & C. A. Meyer: Index Seminum (St. Petersburg) 2: 52. (1836) | ||||||||||||||||||||
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