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butter 'n' eggs, butter-and-eggs, johnny-tuck, johnny-tuck owl-clover

false owl's-clover, false owl-clover, johnny tuck, owl's-clover

Habit Herbs, annual; hemiparasitic.
Stems

simple or with 1–10 ascending branches proximally, 2–37 cm, glabrous proximally, puberulent to glandular-puberulent distally.

erect, not fleshy, glabrous or hairy.

Leaves

puberulent to glandular-puberulent;

proximal cauline: blade linear, 5–25 mm;

cauline: blade ± ovate or obovate, 8–50 mm, base sessile, margins pinnatifid, rarely bipinnatifid, lateral lobes 2–11.

cauline, usually subopposite to opposite proximally, alternate distally;

petiole absent;

blade not fleshy, not leathery, margins entire (proximal cauline leaves) or pinnatifid, rarely bipinnatifid.

Inflorescences

terminal, spikelike racemes;

bracts present.

Pedicels

0.3–0.5 mm, glabrous.

present;

bracteoles absent.

Flowers

calyx 6–13 mm, puberulent to glandular-puberulent, tube 4–7 mm, lobes triangular to narrowly lanceolate, 1–4 × 1–1.5 mm;

corolla yellow, rarely yellow and white, or white, fading to rose pink, 10–25 mm, densely hairy, beak dark purple, not hooked, abaxial lobes spreading, 2–5 mm, throat abruptly indented, forming a fold under abaxial corolla lip, adaxial lobes projecting;

stamens included, pollen sac yellow, 1.5–2 mm, glabrous, dehiscing longitudinally;

style 12–22 mm, glabrous;

stigma capitate.

sepals 4, calyx bilaterally symmetric, tubular or campanulate, lobes triangular to narrowly lanceolate;

petals 5, corolla yellow, white, purple, or white, fading to rose pink, strongly bilabiate, tubular and club-shaped, abaxial lobes 3, saccate, throat folded proximal to abaxial lips (except in T. pusilla), adaxial 2, adaxial lip beaked, ± straight, opening directed forward;

stamens 4, didynamous, filaments glabrous, pollen sac 1;

staminode 0;

ovary 2-locular, placentation axile;

stigma capitate, 2-lobed, or filiform to subcapitate.

Capsules

4–8 × 2.5–4.5 mm, glabrous.

dehiscence loculicidal.

Seeds

30–100, ovoid, 0.5–1 mm.

10–100, dark brown, ovoid to ellipsoid, wings absent.

Spikelike

racemes interrupted, dense distally, 1–24 cm;

peduncle absent;

bracts pinnatifid, rarely bipinnatifid, ± ovate, 2–30 mm, lateral lobes 2–8.

x

= 11.

Triphysaria eriantha

Triphysaria

Distribution
from FNA
CA; OR
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from USDA
w North America [Introduced in Asia (China)]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Subspecies 2 (2 in the flora).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Species 5 (5 in the flora).

Taxa of Triphysaria have often been placed in Orthocarpus; both genera have adaxial corolla lips that are open at the tips (versus connate and folded downward forming a hood), expanded stigmas that are either capitate or two-lobed (versus unexpanded), and terminal attachments of the ovules to the placentas (versus lateral attachments). D. C. Tank and R. G. Olmstead (2008) found strong molecular support for their sister relationship. Triphysaria is distinguished from Castilleja by stamens with a single pollen sac (versus two), the throats of the corollas folded proximal to the abaxial corolla lips (except in T. pusilla), and the base chromosome number of 11.

Triphysaria pusilla has been introduced in China, where the name T. chinensis (D. Y. Hong) D. Y. Hong has been incorrectly applied to it (T. I. Chuang and L. R. Heckard 1991).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Corollas yellow, rarely yellow and white.
subsp. eriantha
1. Corollas white, fading to rose pink.
subsp. rosea
1. Stems: branches decumbent to ascending; corollas 4–7 mm, beaks hooked, abaxial lobes 0.5–1 mm.
T. pusilla
1. Stems: branches ascending; corollas 6–25 mm, beaks not hooked, abaxial lobes 1.5–5 mm.
→ 2
2. Stamens exserted; corollas creamy white, rarely pale yellow.
T. floribunda
2. Stamens included; corollas yellow, rarely yellow and white, or white, fading to rose pink.
→ 3
3. Stems sparsely pubescent distally; corolla beaks ± yellow, white, or rose pink.
T. versicolor
3. Stems puberulent to glandular-puberulent or pubescent to glandular-pubescent distally; corolla beaks dark purple, rarely yellow.
→ 4
4. Corollas 10–25 mm, abaxial lobes 2–5 mm.
T. eriantha
4. Corollas 10–12 mm, abaxial lobes 1.5–2 mm.
T. micrantha
Source FNA vol. 17, p. 685. FNA vol. 17, p. 684. Author: Elizabeth H. Zacharias.
Parent taxa Orobanchaceae > Triphysaria Orobanchaceae
Sibling taxa
T. floribunda, T. micrantha, T. pusilla, T. versicolor
Subordinate taxa
T. eriantha subsp. eriantha, T. eriantha subsp. rosea
T. eriantha, T. floribunda, T. micrantha, T. pusilla, T. versicolor
Synonyms Orthocarpus erianthus Orthocarpus subg. triphysaria
Name authority (Bentham) T. I. Chuang & Heckard: Syst. Bot. 16: 660. (1991) Fischer & C. A. Meyer: Index Seminum (St. Petersburg) 2: 52. (1836)
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