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green trillium, Ozark green trillium, Ozark trillium, tapertip wakerobin

giant purple wakerobin, narrow petal wakerobin, narrow-petal trillium

Habit Plants tall, very robust.
Rhizomes

horizontal, brownish, short, thick, praemorse, not brittle.

erect, brownish, thick, somewhat compressed-thickened, praemorse, not brittle.

Scapes

1–3, round in cross section, 2–5 dm, ± stout, glabrous to scabrous.

1–2, round in cross section, 2.5–6 dm.

Bracts

touching ground in early anthesis or not at all, sessile;

blade dark green, obscurely marked with few–many darker blotches (very rarely unmottled), mottling becoming obscure with age, few or no stomates adaxially, ovate-elliptic to broadly so, 8.5–14 × 6.8–9 cm, apex acuminate.

held well above ground, spreading horizontally, subsessile;

blade very sparsely mottled with dark greenish brown or rarely all green, mottling becoming obscure with age, broadly ovate, 10–22 × 8.7–15 cm, not glossy, often narrowed to falsely petiolate, very short, and narrowly cuneate base 10–20 mm, apex obtuse.

Flower

erect, odor, if present, spicy or musty;

sepals displayed above bracts, widely spreading, green or variously purple marked, lanceolate, 38–60 × 5–12 mm, margins entire, apex acute;

petals long-lasting, erect, ± connivent, ± concealing stamens and ovary, purplish black on claw, greenish to yellow-green distally, sometimes all dark purple, occasionally slightly twisted, linear to narrowly spatulate, 4–8 × 0.8–1.2 cm, thick-textured, base slightly thickened and clawed, margins entire, apex rounded, lacking nipple;

stamens erect, connivent (clustered together, leaning upon each other), 16–25 mm;

filaments olive or purplish brown, 2.5–5 mm, very slender, widened basally;

anthers erect, straight or slightly incurved, olive-brown, 13–20 mm, ± slender, dehiscence latrorse;

connectives brownish, barely extending beyond anther sacs;

ovary pale greenish white basally, purplish distally, ovoid, 6-angled, 5.5–10 mm;

stigmas erect, divergent-recurved, distinct, purplish abaxially, sessile, almost linear, 6–10 mm, ± equaling ovary, ± not fleshy, very slightly widened basally.

erect, odor spicy-musty, musty, or fetid;

sepals conspicuous, spreading, often resting on bracts, maroon to green, linear to oblong-lanceolate, 35–47 × 8–10 mm, margins flat, entire, apex acute;

petals long-lasting, erect, ± connivent, ± concealing stamens and ovary and partially obscuring stamens, dark purple to red-purple, not spirally twisted, veins obscure, linear, 5–10 × 0.7–1.4 cm, 8–10 times longer than wide, glossy, thick-textured, base linear, margins entire, at first flat but inrolling with age, apex variously acute-obtuse;

stamens erect, 12–22 mm;

filaments dark maroon, 2–4 mm, slender, widest at base;

anthers erect, straight, purple, 12–18 mm, dehiscence introrse;

connectives purple, slightly extended 1–1.5 mm beyond anther sacs;

ovary dark, ovoid-ellipsoid, 6-angled toward apex, 7.5–12 mm;

stigmas erect, divergent-recurved, distinct, purple, sessile, awl-shaped, thickly subulate, 5 mm, thick, fleshy.

Fruits

dark purplish green or green, odor unreported, ovoid, obscurely angled, with remains of persistent stigma, 0.7–1.5 cm, pulpy, not juicy at time of separation from receptacle.

dark purple, fragrance unknown, subglobose, 6-angled, almost winged, fleshy.

2n

= 10.

Trillium viridescens

Trillium angustipetalum

Phenology Flowering spring (early Apr–mid May). Flowering spring–early summer (Mar–Jun).
Habitat Deciduous forests, usually quite rich, on banks, bluffs, talus slopes, floodplain alluvium, with cane (Arundinaria) or on sloping banks just above normal flood levels in heavy, clayey soils, with common spring ephemerals Big-tree (Sequoiadendron) groves and other mixed coniferous-deciduous flatwoods, slightly damper depressions under maples and deciduous shrubs, coastal mountains, oak (Quercus) groves in ravines and otherwise quite arid, almost treeless chaparral, wooded canyon slopes, dense woods near streams
Elevation 100–400 m (300–1300 ft) 30–200 m (100–700 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AR; KS; MO; OK; TX
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Of conservation concern.

J. D. Freeman (1975) considered that Trillium viridescens intergrades with T. gracile in northeastern Texas and stated that these putative intergrades produce purple petals, but purple-petaled forms also occur in Arkansas, far from the influence of T. gracile.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Trillium angustipetalum occurs in the Sierra Nevada from Fresno County north to Placer County (J. D. Freeman 1975). It is disjunct in the coastal mountains and hills of Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo counties.

B. D. Ness (1993) listed Trillium kurabayashii as a synonym of T. angustipetalum. In bract orientation, color, and texture, and in petal shape, the two are quite different and certainly not the same species. Cytologist Masataka Kurabayashi found chromosomal differences between the two species (reported by J. D. Freeman 1975).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 26, p. 117. FNA vol. 26.
Parent taxa Liliaceae > Trillium > subg. Phyllantherum Liliaceae > Trillium > subg. Phyllantherum
Sibling taxa
T. albidum, T. angustipetalum, T. catesbaei, T. cernuum, T. chloropetalum, T. cuneatum, T. decipiens, T. decumbens, T. discolor, T. erectum, T. flexipes, T. foetidissimum, T. gracile, T. grandiflorum, T. kurabayashii, T. lancifolium, T. ludovicianum, T. luteum, T. maculatum, T. nivale, T. ovatum, T. parviflorum, T. persistens, T. petiolatum, T. pusillum, T. recurvatum, T. reliquum, T. rivale, T. rugelii, T. sessile, T. simile, T. stamineum, T. sulcatum, T. underwoodii, T. undulatum, T. vaseyi, T. viride
T. albidum, T. catesbaei, T. cernuum, T. chloropetalum, T. cuneatum, T. decipiens, T. decumbens, T. discolor, T. erectum, T. flexipes, T. foetidissimum, T. gracile, T. grandiflorum, T. kurabayashii, T. lancifolium, T. ludovicianum, T. luteum, T. maculatum, T. nivale, T. ovatum, T. parviflorum, T. persistens, T. petiolatum, T. pusillum, T. recurvatum, T. reliquum, T. rivale, T. rugelii, T. sessile, T. simile, T. stamineum, T. sulcatum, T. underwoodii, T. undulatum, T. vaseyi, T. viride, T. viridescens
Synonyms T. sessile var. angustipetalum, T. giganteum var. angustipetalum
Name authority Nuttall: Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s. 5: 155. (1837) (Torrey) J. D. Freeman: Brittonia 27: 55. (1975)
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