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giant purple wakerobin, giant trillium, giant wakerobin, sessile trillium, small-flower trillium

Chattahoochee River wakerobin, deceiving trillium

Rhizomes

± erect, brownish, somewhat compressed-thickened, superficially bulblike, praemorse, not brittle.

horizontal, brownish, thick, praemorse, not brittle.

Scapes

1–3, green, round in cross section, 2–6.5 dm, robust.

1–3, green or bronze-green, round in cross section, 1.7–4.4 dm, stout, glabrous.

Bracts

held well above ground, sessile (narrowing of bract blade may give bract subsessile appearance);

blade densely to weakly mottled in dark brownish green, mottling becoming more obscure to absent as bract matures, broadly ovate, 7–17.6 × 7.4–17.7 cm, not glossy, apex obtuse-rounded.

held horizontally, not drooping, tips at anthesis held well above ground, sessile;

blade usually very strongly marked with at least 3 shades of dark green, bronze green, and purplish green, often with light central strip, mottling becoming obscure with age, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, widest at ca. 1/3 of length from basal attachment, tapered very gradually to tip, 8–17+ × 4.9–8.5 cm, rounded basally, margins of distal 1/3 straight, apex acute.

Flower

erect, odor roselike, spicy;

sepals spreading-ascending above bracts, green, lanceolate, 35–65 × 7–12 mm, margins entire, flat, apex obtusely rounded;

petals long-lasting, erect, connivent, ± concealing stamens and ovary, yellow, bronze, maroon, brown, deep purple, reddish brown, pink, dark purplish red, purplish bronze, rarely greenish white, not spirally twisted, veins not engraved, oblanceolate to obovate, 6.5–10 × 1.5–2.5 cm, thick-textured, base cuneate, margins entire, apex variably acute to almost truncate, erose;

stamens erect, purplish, 17–26 mm;

filaments purple, ca. 4 mm, widest at base, much shorter than anther sacs;

anthers erect, straight, ± purple-brown, 13–22 mm, dehiscence introrse;

connectives purple, straight, extended ca. 1–1.5 mm beyond anther sacs;

ovary purple, ovoid, 6-angled, 6–12 mm;

stigmas small, divergent or erect, distinct, purple, subulate, 4–8 mm, not fleshy.

faintly ill-scented;

sepals divergent-ascending, streaked with green to maroon, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 36–68 × 12–21 mm, margins entire, flat or slightly raised adaxially, apex acute;

petals long-lasting, erect, ± connivent, ± partially concealing stamens and ovary, maroon-purple, brownish purple to brown, greenish streaked to green, rarely yellow, becoming brown, or occasionally bright copper-bronze with age, not spirally twisted, veins not engraved, obovate to oblanceolate, large in proportion to leaf size compared to many species, 5–9 × 1–2 cm, 2+ times longer than wide, widest at or just above middle, thick-textured, margins entire, flat, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded;

stamens erect or incurving, 12–24 mm;

filaments yellow, 2–3 mm;

anthers erect, straight, rarely arcuate, yellow, 10–15 mm, dehiscence latrorse;

connectives straight, projecting 1–2 mm beyond anther sacs;

ovary dark red, brown, or gray, ellipsoid, strongly 6-angled, 6–13 mm;

stigmas basally erect, tips recoiled upon ovary, distinct, green, white, or purple, linear, short, 3–12 mm, slightly thickened basally, not fleshy.

Fruits

red-purple, fragrance not reported, ovoid, obscurely 6-angled, 2.5–3 cm, pulpy, juicy.

baccate, dark green to purple, odor not reported, ellipsoid, strongly grooved and ridged, pulpy or mealy.

2n

= 10.

= 10.

Trillium chloropetalum

Trillium decipiens

Phenology Flowering winter–mid spring (late Jan–early Apr).
Habitat Rich woods and bluffs in mixed deciduous forests of oak, red maple, beech, elm, and others, also thinner upland oak woods, in depressions and in ravines, low sandy-alluvial slopes to local rivers
Elevation 50–100 m (200–300 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
CA
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; FL; GA
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Varieties 2 (2 in the flora).

J. D. Freeman (1975) considered that Trillium chloropetalum differs from T. albidum in having introrse (not latrorse) anther sacs, and that the purple pigments present on anther and ovary tissue here are absent in T. albidum. In some places, hybridization between the two certainly has occurred, and a complete range of intergrades exists.

This species merits further study. The following varieties are only weakly differentiated and perhaps ought to be dropped.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Petal tissue always with yellow pigments, often present with other pigments; petals yellow, greenish yellow, greenish purple, or bronze-green or brown.
var. chloropetalum
1. Petal tissue lacking yellow pigments; petals purple, reddish purple, garnet red, pink, or greenish white.
var. giganteum
Source FNA vol. 26. FNA vol. 26, p. 108.
Parent taxa Liliaceae > Trillium > subg. Phyllantherum Liliaceae > Trillium > subg. Phyllantherum
Sibling taxa
T. albidum, T. angustipetalum, T. catesbaei, T. cernuum, T. cuneatum, T. decipiens, T. decumbens, T. discolor, T. erectum, T. flexipes, T. foetidissimum, T. gracile, T. grandiflorum, T. kurabayashii, T. lancifolium, T. ludovicianum, T. luteum, T. maculatum, T. nivale, T. ovatum, T. parviflorum, T. persistens, T. petiolatum, T. pusillum, T. recurvatum, T. reliquum, T. rivale, T. rugelii, T. sessile, T. simile, T. stamineum, T. sulcatum, T. underwoodii, T. undulatum, T. vaseyi, T. viride, T. viridescens
T. albidum, T. angustipetalum, T. catesbaei, T. cernuum, T. chloropetalum, T. cuneatum, T. decumbens, T. discolor, T. erectum, T. flexipes, T. foetidissimum, T. gracile, T. grandiflorum, T. kurabayashii, T. lancifolium, T. ludovicianum, T. luteum, T. maculatum, T. nivale, T. ovatum, T. parviflorum, T. persistens, T. petiolatum, T. pusillum, T. recurvatum, T. reliquum, T. rivale, T. rugelii, T. sessile, T. simile, T. stamineum, T. sulcatum, T. underwoodii, T. undulatum, T. vaseyi, T. viride, T. viridescens
Subordinate taxa
T. chloropetalum var. chloropetalum, T. chloropetalum var. giganteum
Synonyms T. sessile var. chloropetalum, T. giganteum var. chloropetalum
Name authority (Torrey) Howell: Fl. N.W. Amer., 661. (1902) J. D. Freeman: Brittonia 27: 17, fig. 3. (1975)
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