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nodding trillium, nodding wakerobin, trille penché, whip-poor-will-flower

giant purple wakerobin, narrow petal wakerobin, narrow-petal trillium

Habit Plants tall, very robust.
Rhizomes

short, thick.

erect, brownish, thick, somewhat compressed-thickened, praemorse, not brittle.

Scapes

1–2(–3), round in cross section, 1.5–4+ dm, slender, glabrous.

1–2, round in cross section, 2.5–6 dm.

Bracts

often overlapping, sessile or with a barely noticeable, petiolelike base, umbrellalike;

blade bright green without red tones, broadly rhombic-ovate to suborbicular, 5–15 × 6–15+ cm, base attenuate, apex acuminate.

held well above ground, spreading horizontally, subsessile;

blade very sparsely mottled with dark greenish brown or rarely all green, mottling becoming obscure with age, broadly ovate, 10–22 × 8.7–15 cm, not glossy, often narrowed to falsely petiolate, very short, and narrowly cuneate base 10–20 mm, apex obtuse.

Flower

usually hidden beneath bracts, nodding, odorless;

sepals spreading, green, lanceolate-ovate, 9–30 mm, slightly shorter than to equaling petals, margins slightly raised, apex acuminate;

petals usually strongly recurved from above base, extending behind plane of sepal bases for more than 1/2 their length, white or rarely pale pink, adaxial veins not conspicuous, oblong-lanceolate, 1.5–2.5 × 0.9–1.5 cm, thin-textured, margins entire, apex acuminate;

stamens ± straight, 6–15 mm, shorter than pistil, slender;

filaments white, ± equaling anthers, slender;

anthers straight, pale lavender-pink or -gray, 2–6.5 mm, dehiscence introrse to latrorse;

ovary prominent, white to pinkish, pyramidal, strongly 6-angled, 3–12 × 3–10 mm, widest above basal attachment;

stigmas erect, recurved, distinct, white, not lobed adaxially, 3–8 mm, widest at base, fleshy, basally thickened, gradually tapered;

pedicel strongly recurved or declined below or angled between bracts, 1.5–3 cm.

erect, odor spicy-musty, musty, or fetid;

sepals conspicuous, spreading, often resting on bracts, maroon to green, linear to oblong-lanceolate, 35–47 × 8–10 mm, margins flat, entire, apex acute;

petals long-lasting, erect, ± connivent, ± concealing stamens and ovary and partially obscuring stamens, dark purple to red-purple, not spirally twisted, veins obscure, linear, 5–10 × 0.7–1.4 cm, 8–10 times longer than wide, glossy, thick-textured, base linear, margins entire, at first flat but inrolling with age, apex variously acute-obtuse;

stamens erect, 12–22 mm;

filaments dark maroon, 2–4 mm, slender, widest at base;

anthers erect, straight, purple, 12–18 mm, dehiscence introrse;

connectives purple, slightly extended 1–1.5 mm beyond anther sacs;

ovary dark, ovoid-ellipsoid, 6-angled toward apex, 7.5–12 mm;

stigmas erect, divergent-recurved, distinct, purple, sessile, awl-shaped, thickly subulate, 5 mm, thick, fleshy.

Fruits

dark red, with fruity fragrance, ovoid, to 3 cm diam., fleshy, juicy.

dark purple, fragrance unknown, subglobose, 6-angled, almost winged, fleshy.

2n

= 10.

= 10.

Trillium cernuum

Trillium angustipetalum

Phenology Flowering spring–summer (Apr–Jul). Flowering spring–early summer (Mar–Jun).
Habitat Rich, mostly deciduous forest southward, mixed deciduous-coniferous forests, swamps, moist coniferous forests northward Big-tree (Sequoiadendron) groves and other mixed coniferous-deciduous flatwoods, slightly damper depressions under maples and deciduous shrubs, coastal mountains, oak (Quercus) groves in ravines and otherwise quite arid, almost treeless chaparral, wooded canyon slopes, dense woods near streams
Elevation 30–600 m (100–2000 ft) 30–200 m (100–700 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
CT; DC; DE; IA; IL; IN; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; ND; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; SD; VA; VT; WI; WV; MB; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; SPM
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Previous authors commonly recognized var. cernuum and var. macranthum, based primarily upon size differences. Plants attributed to var. cernuum are found from Delaware and eastern Pennsylvania northward to Newfoundland, while those attributed to var. macranthum are found mainly farther inland into the Midwest. Although there is a tendency for the eastern seaboard plants to be somewhat smaller and more delicate, and the midwestern and far northern plants to be more robust, there is much variation, largely dependent on soil nutrients. There are regional size trends, but based on my observations of this species in Newfoundland, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, I do not believe that the two varieties can be maintained.

In the Gray Herbarium, there is a collection by Richardson labeled “Mackenzie River,” which has been cited by H. M. Raup (1947) and others. W. J. Hooker ([1829–]1833–1840) reported Trillium cernuum “from Saskatchewan to Mackenzie River.” Raup stated that “it is the only evidence for the occurrence of...Trillium in the entire Mackenzie Basin.” Other writers have simply quoted that statement. In view of the relatively great disjunction from the known Saskatchewan stations and in the absence of any other supporting specimens from that area, I believe that there might be locality error on the Richardson sheet. However, it is not beyond possibility that T. cernuum could occur there. This apparent disjunct station is not mapped here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Trillium angustipetalum occurs in the Sierra Nevada from Fresno County north to Placer County (J. D. Freeman 1975). It is disjunct in the coastal mountains and hills of Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo counties.

B. D. Ness (1993) listed Trillium kurabayashii as a synonym of T. angustipetalum. In bract orientation, color, and texture, and in petal shape, the two are quite different and certainly not the same species. Cytologist Masataka Kurabayashi found chromosomal differences between the two species (reported by J. D. Freeman 1975).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 26. FNA vol. 26.
Parent taxa Liliaceae > Trillium > subg. Trillium Liliaceae > Trillium > subg. Phyllantherum
Sibling taxa
T. albidum, T. angustipetalum, T. catesbaei, T. chloropetalum, T. cuneatum, T. decipiens, T. decumbens, T. discolor, T. erectum, T. flexipes, T. foetidissimum, T. gracile, T. grandiflorum, T. kurabayashii, T. lancifolium, T. ludovicianum, T. luteum, T. maculatum, T. nivale, T. ovatum, T. parviflorum, T. persistens, T. petiolatum, T. pusillum, T. recurvatum, T. reliquum, T. rivale, T. rugelii, T. sessile, T. simile, T. stamineum, T. sulcatum, T. underwoodii, T. undulatum, T. vaseyi, T. viride, T. viridescens
T. albidum, T. catesbaei, T. cernuum, T. chloropetalum, T. cuneatum, T. decipiens, T. decumbens, T. discolor, T. erectum, T. flexipes, T. foetidissimum, T. gracile, T. grandiflorum, T. kurabayashii, T. lancifolium, T. ludovicianum, T. luteum, T. maculatum, T. nivale, T. ovatum, T. parviflorum, T. persistens, T. petiolatum, T. pusillum, T. recurvatum, T. reliquum, T. rivale, T. rugelii, T. sessile, T. simile, T. stamineum, T. sulcatum, T. underwoodii, T. undulatum, T. vaseyi, T. viride, T. viridescens
Synonyms T. cernuum var. macranthum T. sessile var. angustipetalum, T. giganteum var. angustipetalum
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 339. (1753) (Torrey) J. D. Freeman: Brittonia 27: 55. (1975)
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