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giant trillium, giant white wakerobin, sessile trillium, smallflower trillium, white toadshade

persistent wakerobin

Rhizomes

horizontal, ± erect, brown, superficially bulblike, short, thick, not brittle.

horizontal to erect, short, praemorse.

Scapes

often several from same rhizome terminus, round in cross section, 2.2–5.8 dm, stout.

1–2, round in cross section, 2–3 dm, slender, glabrous.

Bracts

held well above ground, sessile;

blade weakly mottled with scattered, darker green spots, mottling often fading later in season, broadly ovate, 10–20 × 12–15 cm, not glossy, base rounded, apex obtuse.

horizontal to drooping distally, sessile;

blade 3–5-veined, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 3–8.5+ × 1.5–3.5 cm, adaxial surface faintly glossy, rarely with ± 2 mm, winged, petiolelike base, apex acuminate.

Flower

borne directly upon bracts, erect, fragrance roselike;

sepals conspicuous, spreading, displayed above bracts, pale green, lanceolate, 30–65 × 12–15 mm, margins entire, apex acute;

petals long-lasting, usually erect or slightly spreading, ± connivent, ± concealing stamens and ovary basally, white to creamy white, rarely soft pinkish rose near base, veins prominent but not engraved, not spirally twisted, obovate, more lanceolate in young plants, 4.8–8 × 2.2–3 cm, widest at or just above middle, ± thick-textured, base cuneate, margins entire, ± flat, apex rounded to acute;

stamens erect, greenish white, 15–25 mm;

filaments whitish green, 3–4 mm, slender;

anthers erect, straight, yellow, 11–20 mm, dehiscence latrorse;

connectives straight, extended ca. 1 mm beyond anther sacs, rounded;

ovary green or occasionally purple, ovoid, rounded 6-gonal, 6–11 mm;

stigmas erect to spreading, distinct, sessile, subulate, 4–7 mm, thin distally.

opening above bracts;

sepals spreading, green, elliptic to narrowly ovate, 11–22 × 5–6 mm, thin-textured, margins entire, apex acute;

petals erect proximally, spreading distally, white, fading to deep pink with inverted V-shaped basal portion remaining white, veins not engraved, linear-elliptic to occasionally linear, 2–3.5 × 0.5–1 cm, thin-textured, margins undulate at least in distal portion, apex acute;

stamens prominent, erect to divergent, straight, 9–14 mm;

filaments ± equaling anthers;

anthers straight, yellow or white, dehiscence introrse;

connective barely longer than anther sacs;

ovary white or greenish white, obovate, very sharply 6-angled, 2.5–6 mm;

style 2–6 mm;

stigmas erect, slightly divergent at tip, delicate, not lobed, shortly connate basally, uniformly thin;

pedicel erect or slightly leaning, 1–3 cm, 1/4–1/2 bract length at anthesis.

Fruits

green or purplish green, fragrance unknown, ovoid to globose, pulpy, juicy.

baccate, greenish white, 6-angled, pulpy, not juicy.

Trillium albidum

Trillium persistens

Phenology Flowering spring (mid Mar–late Apr). Flowering spring (early Mar–mid Apr).
Habitat Moist slopes in rich mixed deciduous-coniferous forests or coniferous stands, brushy thickets on flats, open fields, pastures, and fencerows, dense second-growth coniferous forests, floodplains along streams and larger rivers Humus soils in mixed deciduous-pine woodlands, along stream flats and at edges of Rhododendron thickets, occasionally in open Vaccinium-filled clearings
Elevation 100–200 m (300–700 ft) 50 m (200 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
CA; OR
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
GA; SC
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Of conservation concern.

Listed as a U.S. endangered species, Trillium persistens has appeared as such on a postage stamp. The species is very rare and known only from an approximately four-square-mile area at the head of Tallulah Gorge in Georgia and South Carolina.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 26, p. 106. FNA vol. 26, p. 101.
Parent taxa Liliaceae > Trillium > subg. Phyllantherum Liliaceae > Trillium > subg. Trillium
Sibling taxa
T. angustipetalum, T. catesbaei, T. cernuum, T. chloropetalum, T. cuneatum, T. decipiens, T. decumbens, T. discolor, T. erectum, T. flexipes, T. foetidissimum, T. gracile, T. grandiflorum, T. kurabayashii, T. lancifolium, T. ludovicianum, T. luteum, T. maculatum, T. nivale, T. ovatum, T. parviflorum, T. persistens, T. petiolatum, T. pusillum, T. recurvatum, T. reliquum, T. rivale, T. rugelii, T. sessile, T. simile, T. stamineum, T. sulcatum, T. underwoodii, T. undulatum, T. vaseyi, T. viride, T. viridescens
T. albidum, T. angustipetalum, T. catesbaei, T. cernuum, T. chloropetalum, T. cuneatum, T. decipiens, T. decumbens, T. discolor, T. erectum, T. flexipes, T. foetidissimum, T. gracile, T. grandiflorum, T. kurabayashii, T. lancifolium, T. ludovicianum, T. luteum, T. maculatum, T. nivale, T. ovatum, T. parviflorum, T. petiolatum, T. pusillum, T. recurvatum, T. reliquum, T. rivale, T. rugelii, T. sessile, T. simile, T. stamineum, T. sulcatum, T. underwoodii, T. undulatum, T. vaseyi, T. viride, T. viridescens
Name authority J. D. Freeman: Brittonia 27: 48, fig. 11. (1975) W. H. Duncan: Rhodora 73: 244. (1971)
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