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fenugreek

fenugrec, sicklefruit fenugreek

Habit Herbs, annual [perennial], unarmed, [sometimes base woody]. Herbs 10–50 cm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent.
Stems

erect to procumbent or decumbent, glabrous or glabrate to pubescent.

single or several, usually erect, sometimes ascending, unbranched or several-branched.

Leaves

alternate, odd-pinnate;

stipules present;

petiolate;

leaflets 3, blade margins dentate or denticulate, [entire, toothed at base, dissected, or laciniate], surfaces glabrous or sparsely pubescent.

stipules triangular-lanceolate, margins entire, apex acuminate;

leaflet blades obovate or oblong to oblanceolate, 10–30 × 5–15 mm, margins usually dentate, rarely incised, distal portion denticulate.

Inflorescences

pedunculate or subsessile, 1–30-flowered, axillary, racemes or flowers subsolitary, [heads or umbels];

bracts absent.

1- or 2-flowered (in axils), subsessile.

Peduncles

not evident.

Flowers

papilionaceous;

calyx campanulate, symmetric or with 2 larger lobes, lobes 5;

corolla yellow to white, sometimes tinged violet, or pale to lilac-blue, 5.5–18 mm;

stamens 10, diadelphous;

anthers dorsifixed;

style usually relatively long.

12–18 mm;

calyx lobes nearly equal to tube;

corolla yellowish white or white, sometimes tinged violet.

Fruits

legumes, yellow to light brown, stipitate, sometimes compressed, linear and subterete, ovoid, or rhomboid-obovoid [reniform, lunate, semicircular, moniliform], not coiled, often curved [or prickly], [margins rarely winged or fimbriate], usually beaked, dehiscent, sometimes tardily so, thickly leathery, glabrous or sparsely pubescent.

Legumes

erect or patent, seed-bearing (proximal) part linear, somewhat flattened, 50–110(–150) × 3–6 mm, gradually tapering into beak (10–)20–40(–50) mm.

Seeds

1–20[–40], oblong or ovoid, usually tuberculate or verrucose, sometimes smooth.

10–20, usually yellow- or pale brown, rarely rose-yellow, white, bluish, or olive green, oblong or ovoid, 3–5 × 2–3 mm.

x

= 8.

2n

= 16.

Trigonella

Trigonella foenum-graecum

Phenology Flowering early–late summer.
Habitat Roadsides, waste areas, fields.
Elevation 0–1000 m. (0–3300 ft.)
Distribution
from USDA
Eurasia; n Africa; Australia [Introduced in North America]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA; MD; Eurasia [Introduced in North America]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species ca. 50 (4 in the flora).

Several Trigonella species are known in the flora area only from ballast collections or as waifs. Trigonella monspeliaca Linnaeus and T. polycarpa Boissier & Heldreich were reported as waifs on chrome ore piles in Maryland by C. F. Reed (1964). Reports of T. laciniata Linnaeus, T. noeana Boissier, and T. hamosa Linnaeus (as “T. ramosa”) by C. H. Knowlton and W. Deane (1918) in Massachusetts could not be substantiated.

Trigonella has been an umbrella genus. More than two dozen species were transferred recently to Medicago. Molecular analyses (G. Bena et al. 1998; M. F. Wojciechowski et al. 2000; K. P. Steele and Wojciechowski 2003; Wojciechowski 2003) have suggested that at least some of the species of Trigonella and Melilotus belong to the same clade, and, accordingly, the two genera need to be combined. More extensive analysis is desirable to support their amalgamation.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Trigonella foenum-graecum probably originated in southwestern Asia; its present widespread distribution in Eurasia is due to escapes from cultivation.

Trigonella foenum-graecum is the most economically important species in the genus, used mostly in Asia. All plant parts are consumed by livestock; the seeds are an important source of artificial maple flavorings. Humans, also, consume the seeds, and, to a lesser extent, the leaves are used as a potherb. The plants are also employed to some extent medicinally and for various pharmaceutical extracts.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Inflorescences 1- or 2-flowered (in axils), subsessile; peduncles not evident.
T. foenum-graecum
1. Inflorescences 10–30-flowered; peduncles 1.5–6 cm.
→ 2
2. Legumes (including beaks) 10+ mm; seeds 4–8; corollas yellow.
T. corniculata
2. Legumes (including beaks) less than 10 mm; seeds 1–3; corollas blue, pale blue, lilac-blue, or white.
→ 3
3. Inflorescences globose racemes, slightly elongated in fruit; leaflet blades ovate to oblong.
T. caerulea
3. Inflorescences globose or subglobose to ovoid racemes, elongated in fruit; leaflet blades oblong to linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate.
T. procumbens
Source FNA vol. 11. Author: Ernest Small. FNA vol. 11.
Parent taxa Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trigonella
Sibling taxa
T. caerulea, T. corniculata, T. procumbens
Subordinate taxa
T. caerulea, T. corniculata, T. foenum-graecum, T. procumbens
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 776. (1753): Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 338. (1754) Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 777. (1753)
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