Trifolium vesiculosum |
Trifolium incarnatum |
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arrow-leaf clover |
crimson clover, Italian clover |
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Habit | Herbs annual, 15–70 cm, glabrous. | Herbs usually annual, rarely biennial, 20–60 cm, short-villous. |
Stems | erect or ascending, branched. |
erect, unbranched or sparsely branched. |
Leaves | palmate; stipules linear-lanceolate, 1–3.5 cm, margins entire, apex subulate or setaceous; petiole 0.5–10 cm; petiolules 1 mm; leaflet 3, blades obovate to oblong, elliptic or lanceolate, 0.5–4 × 0.5–1.5 cm, base cuneate, veins prominent, thickened, margins spinulose-denticulate, apex apiculate, surfaces glabrous. |
palmate; stipules ovate, 1–2 cm, margins wavy or toothed, apex blunt or ± tapering distally; petiole 1–8 cm; petiolules 1 mm; leaflets 3, blades broadly ovate, 1–3 × 1–1.5 cm, base cuneate, veins fine, margins denticulate, apex emarginate or retuse, surfaces with spreading, pustulate-based hairs. |
Inflorescences | terminal or axillary, 50–100+-flowered, globose, ovoid, or oblong, 3–6 × 2–3.5 cm; involucres absent. |
terminal, 25–100-flowered, oblong, 2–7 × 1–2.5 cm; involucres absent. |
Peduncles | 1–12 cm. |
2–10 cm. |
Pedicels | absent; bracteoles lanceolate, 6–7 mm, acuminate. |
straight, 0.5 mm; bracteoles absent. |
Flowers | 12–16 mm; calyx urceolate, not bilabiate, inflated in fruit, 6–10 mm, glabrous, veins 20–36, connected by transverse veins in fruit, tube 3–5 mm, lobes reflexed, subequal, subulate, as long as tube, orifice constricted; corolla white becoming pink, 12–15 mm, banner ovate, broadly clawed, striate, 12–15 × 2–4 mm, apex acute-acuminate. |
10–15 mm; calyx tubular-campanulate, 10 mm, villous, veins 10, tube 3–4 mm, lobes equal, longer than tube, spreading in fruit, orifice narrowly opening; corolla usually scarlet to red, rarely pink or white, 11–17 mm, banner oblong-elliptic, much longer than wing and keel petals, 10–16 × 2 mm, apex acute. |
Legumes | ellipsoid, 2.5–2.5 mm, shorter than calyx. |
ovoid, leathery distally, transversely dehiscent, 2.5–3 mm. |
Seeds | 2 or 3, brown, ovoid, 1–1.5 mm, roughened. |
1, reddish, ellipsoid, 2–2.5 mm, smooth, glossy. |
2n | = 16. |
= 14. |
Trifolium vesiculosum |
Trifolium incarnatum |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Jul. | Flowering May–Aug. |
Habitat | Fields, roadsides, forest openings. | Meadows, roadsides, especially in sandy soils. |
Elevation | 0–1000 m. (0–3300 ft.) | 0–1000 m. (0–3300 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; CA; FL; GA; LA; MA; MO; MS; OK; OR; SC; TX; VA; WA; s Europe; e Europe; w Asia [Introduced in North America]
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AL; AR; CA; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; Europe [Introduced in North America; introduced also in s South America (Chile), e Asia (e China), s Africa, Pacific Islands (Hawaii, New Zealand), Australia]
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Discussion | Trifolium vesiculosum was first introduced into cultivation in the United States in 1963 and is grown in southern and western states (J. D. Miller and H. D. Wells 1985). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Trifolium incarnatum was introduced to the United States in 1818 as a forage crop and green manure crop; it is used commonly as a winter grazing crop and in roadside grass plantings as a nitrogen source, especially in the southeastern states (W. E. Knight 1985). Reports of T. incarnatum in Manitoba, Ontario, and Montana appear to have been based on cultivated specimens. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium |
Sibling taxa | ||
Name authority | Savi: Fl. Pis. 2: 165. (1798) — (as vessiculosum) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 769. (1753) |
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