Trifolium repens |
Trifolium piorkowskii |
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Dutch clover, trèfle blanc, white clover |
marshmallow clover, Piorkowski's clover |
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Habit | Herbs perennial, 10–40 cm, glabrous or glabrescent. | Herbs annual, 7–30 cm, glabrous. |
Stems | creeping, branched, rooting at nodes. |
erect or ascending, sparsely to much branched. |
Leaves | palmate; stipules lanceolate, 0.9–1.3 cm, margins entire, apex short-subulate; petiole 5–20 cm; petiolules to 1 mm; leaflets 3, blades obovate, obcordate, or orbiculate, 0.6–4 × 0.4–2.5 cm, base cuneate, veins moderately prominent, margins serrulate distally, apex rounded, emarginate, or retuse, surfaces glabrous. |
palmate; stipules ovate-lanceolate, 1–1.5 cm, margins entire, apex acute-acuminate; petiole 8–12 cm; petiolules 1 mm; leaflets 3, blades oblanceolate or obovate, 2.8 × 1.9 cm, base cuneate, veins delicate, margins entire or shallowly dentate distally, lateral veins sometimes ending in a bristle, apex rounded to acute, surfaces glabrous. |
Inflorescences | axillary, 20–40+-flowered, globose, 1.5–3.5 × 1.5–3.5 cm; involucres absent. |
axillary or terminal, 3–16-flowered, in 1–3 whorls, subglobose, 2–2.8 × 1.8–2.6 cm; involucres bowl-shaped, 6–15 mm, lobes 6–8, broadly lanceolate, margins entire, acuminate, apex 3–5-fid. |
Peduncles | erect, from prostrate stems, 1.5–30 cm. |
5–15 cm. |
Pedicels | strongly reflexed in fruit, elongate, 3–5 mm; bracteoles white, lanceolate, 1–2 mm. |
straight, 0.5–1 mm; bracteoles absent. |
Flowers | 8–13 mm; calyx campanulate, 3–5 mm, glabrous, veins 6–10, tube 1.5–2.5 mm, lobes unequal to subequal, adaxial shorter than tube, triangular-lanceolate, orifice open; corolla white, often pinkish in age, 4–12 mm, banner ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 4–12 × 1–4 mm, apex rounded. |
12–14 mm; calyx campanulate, 5–8 mm, glabrous, veins 10, tube 2.5–4 mm, lobes 11–15, unequal, abaxial 3–5 forked, adaxial unbranched, orifice open; corolla creamy white to pinkish, 11–13 mm, banner ovate, inflated entire length in fruit, not distally twisted, 11–13 × 5–7 mm, apex rounded. |
Legumes | linear-oblong, 4–5 mm. |
ellipsoid, 5–6 mm. |
Seeds | 3 or 4, yellow, reddish brown, or light brown, ovoid-reniform, 1 mm, smooth, glossy. |
1 or 2, gray-brown, black-mottled, subglobose, 2.5 mm, smooth. |
2n | = 16, 28, 32, 48, 64. |
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Trifolium repens |
Trifolium piorkowskii |
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Phenology | Flowering Feb–Oct. | Flowering Apr–May. |
Habitat | Fields, lawns, roadsides, forest edges, waste places. | Shallow, vernally wet depressions on volcanic flats, banks of watercourses flowing through open rocky grassland, transitional habitats with scattered chaparral and conifers. |
Elevation | 0–4000 m. (0–13100 ft.) | 300–800 m. (1000–2600 ft.) |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; SPM; Greenland; Eurasia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in South America, Africa, Pacific Islands]
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CA |
Discussion | Trifolium repens may very well be the most important temperate pasture plant (M. J. Baker and W. M. Williams 1987) and has been considered the most important perennial pasture plant in North America (C. V. Piper 1924). It was introduced at least as early as the mid 1800s (R. N. Mack 2003) and spread so rapidly that it became known to Native Americans as White Man’s Foot Grass (W. Strickland 1801). It is morphologically diverse; most material from the flora area represents var. repens, but some specimens fit within the circumscriptions given by M. Zohary and D. Heller (1984) of var. giganteum Lagrèze-Fossat, with inflorescences to 3.5 cm diameter and leaflets nearly 4 cm; others have smaller, pale-pink petals with hairy petioles and pedicels, and approach var. biasolettii (Steudel & Hochstetter) Ascherson & Graebner (T. occidentale Coombe). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Trifolium piorkowskii is known only from Shasta County. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | T. saxicola | |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 767. (1753) | Rand. Morgan & A. L. Barber: Novon, 23: 65, plate 1. (2014) |
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