Trifolium repens |
Trifolium howellii |
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Dutch clover, trèfle blanc, white clover |
canyon clover, Howell's clover |
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Habit | Herbs perennial, 10–40 cm, glabrous or glabrescent. | Herbs perennial, 30–100 cm, glabrous. |
Stems | creeping, branched, rooting at nodes. |
erect, fistulose, unbranched or branched distally. |
Leaves | palmate; stipules lanceolate, 0.9–1.3 cm, margins entire, apex short-subulate; petiole 5–20 cm; petiolules to 1 mm; leaflets 3, blades obovate, obcordate, or orbiculate, 0.6–4 × 0.4–2.5 cm, base cuneate, veins moderately prominent, margins serrulate distally, apex rounded, emarginate, or retuse, surfaces glabrous. |
palmate; stipules ovate, 1.5–4.5 cm, margins usually entire, sometimes lobed, apex acuminate; petiole 0.5–20 cm; petiolules 1–1.5 mm; leaflets 3, blades ovate, elliptic, or rhombic, 3.5–9.5 × 2.3–5 cm, base cuneate, veins obscure, margins ± serrate, apex acute, rounded, or obtuse, surfaces glabrous. |
Inflorescences | axillary, 20–40+-flowered, globose, 1.5–3.5 × 1.5–3.5 cm; involucres absent. |
terminal or axillary, 20–70-flowered, globose or ellipsoid, 2.5–4 × 2–2.5 cm, rachis prolonged beyond flowers, undivided or forked, often bearing sterile flower buds distally; involucres absent. |
Peduncles | erect, from prostrate stems, 1.5–30 cm. |
3–11 cm. |
Pedicels | strongly reflexed in fruit, elongate, 3–5 mm; bracteoles white, lanceolate, 1–2 mm. |
strongly reflexed in fruit, 1 mm; bracteoles minute, blunt or acute, membranous. |
Flowers | 8–13 mm; calyx campanulate, 3–5 mm, glabrous, veins 6–10, tube 1.5–2.5 mm, lobes unequal to subequal, adaxial shorter than tube, triangular-lanceolate, orifice open; corolla white, often pinkish in age, 4–12 mm, banner ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 4–12 × 1–4 mm, apex rounded. |
10–14 mm; calyx campanulate, gibbous, 4–5.5 mm, glabrous, veins 10, tube 2–2.5 mm, lobes subequal, linear-lanceolate, orifice open; corolla white, lemon yellow, or greenish yellow, 11–12 mm, banner elliptic-oblong, 11–12 × 4–5 mm, apex obtuse. |
Legumes | linear-oblong, 4–5 mm. |
oblong or clavate, 4–5 mm. |
Seeds | 3 or 4, yellow, reddish brown, or light brown, ovoid-reniform, 1 mm, smooth, glossy. |
1–3, reddish black or brown, angular, mitten-shaped, 2.5 mm, smooth or slightly roughened, dull. |
2n | = 16, 28, 32, 48, 64. |
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Trifolium repens |
Trifolium howellii |
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Phenology | Flowering Feb–Oct. | Flowering Jun–Jul. |
Habitat | Fields, lawns, roadsides, forest edges, waste places. | Wet stream banks, wet meadows, flood plains, shady woodlands, springs, thickets. |
Elevation | 0–4000 m. (0–13100 ft.) | 800–2000 m. (2600–6600 ft.) |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; SPM; Greenland; Eurasia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in South America, Africa, Pacific Islands]
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CA; OR
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Discussion | Trifolium repens may very well be the most important temperate pasture plant (M. J. Baker and W. M. Williams 1987) and has been considered the most important perennial pasture plant in North America (C. V. Piper 1924). It was introduced at least as early as the mid 1800s (R. N. Mack 2003) and spread so rapidly that it became known to Native Americans as White Man’s Foot Grass (W. Strickland 1801). It is morphologically diverse; most material from the flora area represents var. repens, but some specimens fit within the circumscriptions given by M. Zohary and D. Heller (1984) of var. giganteum Lagrèze-Fossat, with inflorescences to 3.5 cm diameter and leaflets nearly 4 cm; others have smaller, pale-pink petals with hairy petioles and pedicels, and approach var. biasolettii (Steudel & Hochstetter) Ascherson & Graebner (T. occidentale Coombe). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Trifolium howellii is known from Del Norte, Humboldt, Siskiyou, and Trinity counties in California, and Clackamas, Douglas, Jackson, Josephine, Klamath, Lane, and Linn counties in Oregon (J. M. Gillett 1972). It has some of the largest leaves of any species of Trifolium in North America. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | T. saxicola | |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 767. (1753) | S. Watson: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 23: 262. (1888) |
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