Trifolium productum |
Trifolium incarnatum |
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elongated clover, productive clover, Shasta clover |
crimson clover, Italian clover |
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Habit | Herbs perennial, 15–45 cm, glabrous. | Herbs usually annual, rarely biennial, 20–60 cm, short-villous. |
Stems | ± erect, loosely cespitose, branched. |
erect, unbranched or sparsely branched. |
Leaves | basal and cauline, palmate; stipules ovate-lanceolate, 0.5–2 cm, margins usually entire, sometimes lobed, apex acute to acuminate; petiole 0.5–12 cm; petiolules 1 mm; leaflets 3, blades lanceolate or elliptic, 0.5–2 × 0.3–1.3 cm, base cuneate, veins prominent, margins serrate, apex acute, apiculate, surfaces glabrous. |
palmate; stipules ovate, 1–2 cm, margins wavy or toothed, apex blunt or ± tapering distally; petiole 1–8 cm; petiolules 1 mm; leaflets 3, blades broadly ovate, 1–3 × 1–1.5 cm, base cuneate, veins fine, margins denticulate, apex emarginate or retuse, surfaces with spreading, pustulate-based hairs. |
Inflorescences | terminal or axillary, 15–30-flowered, ellipsoid or conic, 1.5–2 × 1–3 cm, rachis prolonged beyond flowers, undivided or forked, often bearing sterile flower buds distally; involucres absent. |
terminal, 25–100-flowered, oblong, 2–7 × 1–2.5 cm; involucres absent. |
Peduncles | 2–13 cm, slightly twisted apically. |
2–10 cm. |
Pedicels | strongly reflexed in fruit, 0.5 mm; bracteoles minute, lanceolate. |
straight, 0.5 mm; bracteoles absent. |
Flowers | 12–14 mm; calyx pink to purple, campanulate, 3–3.5 mm, glabrous, veins 10 (5 sometimes faint), tube 1.5–1.7 mm, lobes subequal, triangular-subulate, orifice open; corolla pink to deep purple, 12–14 mm, banner oblong, 12–14 × 4–5 mm, apex rounded or retuse. |
10–15 mm; calyx tubular-campanulate, 10 mm, villous, veins 10, tube 3–4 mm, lobes equal, longer than tube, spreading in fruit, orifice narrowly opening; corolla usually scarlet to red, rarely pink or white, 11–17 mm, banner oblong-elliptic, much longer than wing and keel petals, 10–16 × 2 mm, apex acute. |
Legumes | obliquely ellipsoid, 5 mm. |
ovoid, leathery distally, transversely dehiscent, 2.5–3 mm. |
Seeds | 1 or 2, brown, often purple-mottled, flattened ovoid, 2–3 mm, smooth. |
1, reddish, ellipsoid, 2–2.5 mm, smooth, glossy. |
2n | = 16. |
= 14. |
Trifolium productum |
Trifolium incarnatum |
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Phenology | Flowering May–Sep. | Flowering May–Aug. |
Habitat | Open coniferous woods, rocky places, stream banks, grassy meadows, near springs. | Meadows, roadsides, especially in sandy soils. |
Elevation | 1100–2800 m. (3600–9200 ft.) | 0–1000 m. (0–3300 ft.) |
Distribution |
CA; NV; OR
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AL; AR; CA; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; Europe [Introduced in North America; introduced also in s South America (Chile), e Asia (e China), s Africa, Pacific Islands (Hawaii, New Zealand), Australia]
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Discussion | Trifolium productum is morphologically most similar to T. kingii, from which it differs by its glabrous calyces and inflorescence rachises surpassing the flowers to 1.5 cm and apically forked (M. Zohary and D. Heller 1984). Trifolium productum is geographically isolated from T. kingii; the former is restricted to northern California, western Oregon, and western Nevada, while the latter is restricted to Utah and easternmost Nevada (J. M. Gillett 1972). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Trifolium incarnatum was introduced to the United States in 1818 as a forage crop and green manure crop; it is used commonly as a winter grazing crop and in roadside grass plantings as a nitrogen source, especially in the southeastern states (W. E. Knight 1985). Reports of T. incarnatum in Manitoba, Ontario, and Montana appear to have been based on cultivated specimens. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | T. kingii subsp. productum, T. kingii var. productum | |
Name authority | Greene: Erythea 2: 181. (1894) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 769. (1753) |
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