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red clover

Rocky Mountain clover

Habit Herbs perennial, 20–70 cm, pilose or glabrous. Herbs perennial, 5–30 cm, pubescent.
Stems

erect, ascending, or decumbent, branched.

erect or ascending, cespitose, branched from base, numerous short stems.

Leaves

palmate;

stipules broadly triangular, 1–2 cm, margins entire, sometimes ciliate, apex mucronate or setaceous;

petiole 1–9 cm;

petiolules 1 mm;

leaflets 3, blades elliptic to obovate, 1.5–5 × 0.7–1.5 cm, base cuneate, veins prominent, margins subentire, apex obtuse, acute, or retuse, surfaces appressed-pubescent.

palmate;

stipules lanceolate, 1.8–2 cm, margins entire, apex acute-acuminate;

petiole 2.5–10 cm;

petiolules to 0.5 mm;

leaflets 3, blades linear, lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, 1.5–6 × 0.3–1 cm, base cuneate, veins moderately thickened, margins entire, apex acuminate or narrowly acute, surfaces glabrous or pubescent.

Inflorescences

terminal, solitary or paired, 75–100+-flowered, globose or ovoid, 1.2–7.7 × 0.7–2.2 cm;

involucres absent, involucrelike structures formed of stipules of distalmost leaves.

axillary or terminal, 10–20+-flowered, globose, 2.3–3.5 × 2.5–4 cm;

involucres formed of proximal bracteoles, bases sometimes connate.

Peduncles

± 0 cm, subtended by stipules of distal leaves.

2–28 cm.

Pedicels

straight, 0–1 mm;

bracteoles absent.

reflexed in fruit, 2–4 mm;

bracteoles ovate, 2–4 mm, truncate or acuminate.

Flowers

15–18 mm;

calyx tubular-campanulate, 8–11 mm, hairy, veins 10, tube 3–4 mm, lobes unequal, adaxial equaling tube, lateral and abaxial 2 times tube, orifice hairy, slightly closed;

corolla usually rose-purple, rarely pink or white, 13–18 mm, banner elliptic-ovate, 10–13 × 3–5 mm, apex narrowly rounded.

15–22 mm;

calyx campanulate, 8–15 mm, pubescent, veins 10, tube 2.5–7 mm, lobes unequal, subulate, orifice open;

corolla red-purple, 16–20 mm, banner broadly oblong-elliptic, 16–20 × 6–7 mm, apex acute, apiculate.

Legumes

oblong, leathery distally, transversely dehiscent, 3 mm.

oblong, 5–6 mm.

Seeds

1 or 2, yellow, yellow-brown, or purple, ovoid, 1.6–2 mm, smooth, dull.

1–3, brown, ovoid-reniform, 2.5 mm, smooth.

2n

= 14.

= 16, 48.

Trifolium pratense

Trifolium attenuatum

Phenology Flowering May–Sep. Flowering Jun–Aug.
Habitat Fields, prairies, roadsides, disturbed areas. Subalpine and alpine slopes, open montane forests.
Elevation 0–3100 m. (0–10200 ft.) 3000–3800 m. (9800–12500 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; SPM; Greenland; Eurasia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in s South America, s Africa, Pacific Islands (Hawaii, New Zealand), Australia]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CO; NM
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Trifolium pratense is morphologically variable and numerous varieties have been recognized (M. Zohary and D. Heller 1984). Distinctions among these are slight and intergradation is common, perhaps due to the long-time cultivation of the species. In North America, the following varieties are sometimes recognized: var. pratense with stems decumbent to ascending, 20–40 cm, with dense, appressed, white hairs; var. sativum Schreber with stems mostly erect, 40–100 cm, sparsely hairy or glabrous; and var. americanum Harz with stems 30–100 cm, with dense, spreading hairs.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Trifolium attenuatum ranges from Park County in Colorado southward through southern and southwestern Colorado to northern and central New Mexico.

J. M. Gillett (1965) found both diploid and hexaploid populations of Trifolium attenuatum but was unable to find morphological distinctions between diploid and hexaploid individuals. Using flavonoid chemotaxonomy, E. V. Parups et al. (1966) found close associations between T. attenuatum, T. brandegeei, and T. haydenii.

Trifolium lilacinum Rydberg (1901), which pertains here, is a later homonym of T. lilacinum Greene (1896) and thus illegitimate.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 11. FNA vol. 11.
Parent taxa Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium
Sibling taxa
T. albopurpureum, T. alexandrinum, T. amoenum, T. amphianthum, T. andersonii, T. andinum, T. angustifolium, T. appendiculatum, T. arvense, T. attenuatum, T. aureum, T. barbigerum, T. barnebyi, T. beckwithii, T. bejariense, T. bifidum, T. bolanderi, T. brandegeei, T. breweri, T. buckwestiorum, T. calcaricum, T. campestre, T. carolinianum, T. cernuum, T. ciliolatum, T. columbinum, T. cyathiferum, T. dasyphyllum, T. dedeckerae, T. depauperatum, T. dichotomum, T. douglasii, T. dubium, T. echinatum, T. eriocephalum, T. fragiferum, T. friscanum, T. fucatum, T. glomeratum, T. gracilentum, T. grayi, T. gymnocarpon, T. haydenii, T. hirtum, T. howellii, T. hybridum, T. hydrophilum, T. incarnatum, T. jokerstii, T. kentuckiense, T. kingii, T. lappaceum, T. latifolium, T. leibergii, T. lemmonii, T. longipes, T. lupinaster, T. macilentum, T. macraei, T. macrocephalum, T. medium, T. microcephalum, T. microdon, T. monanthum, T. mucronatum, T. nanum, T. nigrescens, T. obtusiflorum, T. oliganthum, T. ornithopodioides, T. owyheense, T. palmeri, T. parryi, T. pinetorum, T. piorkowskii, T. plumosum, T. polyodon, T. productum, T. reflexum, T. repens, T. resupinatum, T. retusum, T. rollinsii, T. siskiyouense, T. sonorense, T. stoloniferum, T. striatum, T. subterraneum, T. suffocatum, T. thompsonii, T. tomentosum, T. trichocalyx, T. variegatum, T. vesiculosum, T. virginicum, T. willdenovii, T. wormskioldii
T. albopurpureum, T. alexandrinum, T. amoenum, T. amphianthum, T. andersonii, T. andinum, T. angustifolium, T. appendiculatum, T. arvense, T. aureum, T. barbigerum, T. barnebyi, T. beckwithii, T. bejariense, T. bifidum, T. bolanderi, T. brandegeei, T. breweri, T. buckwestiorum, T. calcaricum, T. campestre, T. carolinianum, T. cernuum, T. ciliolatum, T. columbinum, T. cyathiferum, T. dasyphyllum, T. dedeckerae, T. depauperatum, T. dichotomum, T. douglasii, T. dubium, T. echinatum, T. eriocephalum, T. fragiferum, T. friscanum, T. fucatum, T. glomeratum, T. gracilentum, T. grayi, T. gymnocarpon, T. haydenii, T. hirtum, T. howellii, T. hybridum, T. hydrophilum, T. incarnatum, T. jokerstii, T. kentuckiense, T. kingii, T. lappaceum, T. latifolium, T. leibergii, T. lemmonii, T. longipes, T. lupinaster, T. macilentum, T. macraei, T. macrocephalum, T. medium, T. microcephalum, T. microdon, T. monanthum, T. mucronatum, T. nanum, T. nigrescens, T. obtusiflorum, T. oliganthum, T. ornithopodioides, T. owyheense, T. palmeri, T. parryi, T. pinetorum, T. piorkowskii, T. plumosum, T. polyodon, T. pratense, T. productum, T. reflexum, T. repens, T. resupinatum, T. retusum, T. rollinsii, T. siskiyouense, T. sonorense, T. stoloniferum, T. striatum, T. subterraneum, T. suffocatum, T. thompsonii, T. tomentosum, T. trichocalyx, T. variegatum, T. vesiculosum, T. virginicum, T. willdenovii, T. wormskioldii
Synonyms T. pensylvanicum T. bracteolatum, T. petraeum, T. stenolobum
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 768. (1753) Greene: Pittonia 4: 137. (1900)
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