Trifolium longipes |
Trifolium wormskioldii |
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long-stalk clover |
coast clover, cow clover, cows clover, salt marsh clover, springbank clover, wormskjold's clover |
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Habit | Herbs perennial, 5–46 cm, slightly pilose. | Herbs perennial, 10–40 cm, glabrous; rhizomes elongate. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | erect or ascending, cespitose, unbranched to sparsely branched distally. |
erect, ascending, or decumbent, branched. |
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Leaves | palmate; stipules ovate to lanceolate, 1–5 cm, margins usually entire, sometimes slightly serrate proximally, apex acute or acuminate; petiole 1–13 cm; petiolules to 1 mm; leaflets 3, blades linear, lanceolate to elliptic, or oblong, cauline sometimes ovate, 0.8–6 × 0.2–1.6 cm, base cuneate, veins slightly to very thickened, arching, margins entire or serrate, apex acute, surfaces glabrous abaxially, usually appressed-pubescent adaxially. |
palmate; stipules ovate to lanceolate, 1.5–2 cm, margins entire (proximal stipules) or lacerate (distal stipules), apex acute to acuminate; petiole 1–11 cm; petiolules 0.5 mm; leaflets 3, blades obovate to elliptic, 0.4–4.2 × 0.2–1.3 cm, base cuneate or rounded, veins fine or thickened distally, margins spinulose-serrate, apex usually acute to rounded, sometimes retuse or mucronate, surfaces glabrous. |
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Inflorescences | terminal, 10–40-flowered, globose, ellipsoid, obconic, or subglobose, 1–3.5 × 1–3.2 cm; involucres absent. |
axillary or terminal, 20–50-flowered, subglobose or globose, 1.8–2.5 × 2–2.5 cm; involucres broadly bowl-shaped, 12–20 mm, incised 1/3–1/2 their length, lobes 10+, sharply and acutely serrate, veins prominent. |
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Peduncles | 1–30 cm. |
1.5–11 cm. |
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Pedicels | erect or reflexed in fruit, 0.5–2 mm; bracteoles scalelike, 0.5 mm. |
straight, 1.5–2 mm; bracteoles linear or ovate, 1–2 mm. |
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Flowers | 10–19 mm; calyx tubular, 4–10 mm, hairy or glabrous, veins 5–10, tube 2.5–3 mm, lobes unequal, linear, shorter than or to 6 times tube, orifice open; corolla white, cream, pink, lavender, or purple, sometimes pale with purple tips, 10–18 mm, petals not beaked except subsp. multipedunculatum, banner ovate to oblanceolate, 10–18 × 3–4 mm, apex usually not beaked, usually obtuse, acute, or acuminate, rarely emarginate; ovaries pubescent distally. |
12–14 mm, odor somewhat unpleasant; calyx whitish, tubular, 5–6 mm, glabrous, veins 10, tube 2–3 mm, lobes green to purple, subequal, abaxial rarely longer than tube, orifice open; corolla usually magenta to purple, rarely white or bicolored, 10–12 mm, banner ovate-oblong, 12–14 × 2–3 mm, apex truncate or rounded, slightly retuse. |
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Legumes | oblong to ellipsoid, 4–5 mm. |
oblong, 2–4 mm. |
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Seeds | 1–4, dark brown, flattened globose, 2–3 mm, smooth. |
3 or 4, brown, sometimes mottled, subglobose or mitten-shaped, 1.5 mm, smooth. |
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2n | = 16, 32. |
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Trifolium longipes |
Trifolium wormskioldii |
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Phenology | Flowering Mar–Sep. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Saline flats, beaches, meadows, grassy areas, alluvial soils. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0–2700 m. (0–8900 ft.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
w United States
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AZ; CA; CO; ID; NM; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; BC; Mexico (Baja California)
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Discussion | Subspecies 12 (12 in the flora). Trifolium longipes encompasses a morphologically diverse and taxonomically difficult suite of populations. J. M. Gillett (1969) united T. longipes with T. rusbyi and differentiated ten subspecies, with T. neurophyllum recognized as distinct. M. Zohary and D. Heller (1984) maintained T. rusbyi (with seven subspecies, including subsp. neurophyllum) as distinct from T. longipes (with five subspecies). Analyses of molecular data support the union of T. longipes and T. rusbyi (N. W. Ellison et al. 2006). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Trifolium wormskioldii is largely tetraploid and is widespread in western North America. Distinguishing T. wormskioldii from closely allied species (especially T. mucronatum) is sometimes difficult, which led R. C. Barneby (1989) to synonymize T. mucronatum and T. pinetorum under the former name. Trifolium wormskioldii produces long, white rhizomes; T. mucronatum produces only short rhizomes at most, often only small, fibrous roots or taproots (J. M. Gillett 1980). The distinction of T. pinetorum from T. wormskioldii was supported by N. W. Ellison et al. (2006); those authors did not include material of T. mucronatum in their DNA analyses. Trifolium wormskioldii rhizomes may have been a food resource for Native American groups in the Pacific Northwest (N. J. Turner and H. V. Kuhnlein 1982). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | Lupinaster wormskioldii, T. fendleri, T. fimbriatum, T. heterodon, T. spinulosum | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | Nuttall in J. Torrey and A. Gray: Fl. N. Amer. 1: 314. (1838) | Lehmann: Index Seminum (Hamburg) 1825: 17. (1825) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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