The green links below add additional plants to the comparison table. Blue links lead to other Web sites.
enable glossary links

long-stalk clover

prickly clover

Habit Herbs perennial, 5–46 cm, slightly pilose. Herbs annual, 10–50 cm, appressed-hairy.
Stems

erect or ascending, cespitose, unbranched to sparsely branched distally.

erect or ascending, branched from base.

Leaves

palmate;

stipules ovate to lanceolate, 1–5 cm, margins usually entire, sometimes slightly serrate proximally, apex acute or acuminate;

petiole 1–13 cm;

petiolules to 1 mm;

leaflets 3, blades linear, lanceolate to elliptic, or oblong, cauline sometimes ovate, 0.8–6 × 0.2–1.6 cm, base cuneate, veins slightly to very thickened, arching, margins entire or serrate, apex acute, surfaces glabrous abaxially, usually appressed-pubescent adaxially.

palmate;

stipules ovate-lanceolate, 0.4–0.8 cm, margins entire, apex acuminate, flared outward;

petiole 0.5–6 cm;

petiolules 1+ mm;

leaflets 3, blades obovate, elliptic, or narrowly elliptic, 0.8–2.5 × 0.4–1.6 cm, base cuneate, veins prominent, thickened abaxially, margins denticulate or serrate, apex rounded, acute, or apiculate, surfaces sparsely hairy.

Inflorescences

terminal, 10–40-flowered, globose, ellipsoid, obconic, or subglobose, 1–3.5 × 1–3.2 cm;

involucres absent.

terminal and axillary, 15–50-flowered, obconic or obovoid, 1–2 × 1–1.6 cm;

involucres absent.

Peduncles

1–30 cm.

0.8–2 cm.

Pedicels

erect or reflexed in fruit, 0.5–2 mm;

bracteoles scalelike, 0.5 mm.

absent;

bracteoles absent.

Flowers

10–19 mm;

calyx tubular, 4–10 mm, hairy or glabrous, veins 5–10, tube 2.5–3 mm, lobes unequal, linear, shorter than or to 6 times tube, orifice open;

corolla white, cream, pink, lavender, or purple, sometimes pale with purple tips, 10–18 mm, petals not beaked except subsp. multipedunculatum, banner ovate to oblanceolate, 10–18 × 3–4 mm, apex usually not beaked, usually obtuse, acute, or acuminate, rarely emarginate;

ovaries pubescent distally.

9–11 mm;

calyx campanulate, 5–8 mm, glabrescent, veins 10, tube 2–3 mm, lobes unequal, triangular-elliptic, stellate-spreading, orifice closed by bilabiate callosities;

corolla creamy white, 8–10 mm, banner oblong-spatulate, 8–10 × 2–3 mm, apex acute.

Legumes

oblong to ellipsoid, 4–5 mm.

obovoid, leathery distally, transversely dehiscent, 1.6–2 mm.

Seeds

1–4, dark brown, flattened globose, 2–3 mm, smooth.

1, tan or brown, ovoid, 1.2–1.4 mm, smooth, glossy.

2n

= 16.

Trifolium longipes

Trifolium echinatum

Phenology Flowering Mar–Jun.
Habitat Disturbed roadsides, fields.
Elevation 100–300 m. (300–1000 ft.)
Distribution
from USDA
w United States
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; LA; c Europe; s Europe; w Asia; n Africa [Introduced in North America]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Subspecies 12 (12 in the flora).

Trifolium longipes encompasses a morphologically diverse and taxonomically difficult suite of populations. J. M. Gillett (1969) united T. longipes with T. rusbyi and differentiated ten subspecies, with T. neurophyllum recognized as distinct. M. Zohary and D. Heller (1984) maintained T. rusbyi (with seven subspecies, including subsp. neurophyllum) as distinct from T. longipes (with five subspecies). Analyses of molecular data support the union of T. longipes and T. rusbyi (N. W. Ellison et al. 2006).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Trifolium echinatum was recently discovered in Ouachita Parish in a disturbed construction area; an older record (1902) from ballast in Portland, Oregon, appears to have been a waif.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Banner, wing, and, often, keel petals beaked.
subsp. multipedunculatum
1. Banner, wing, and keel petals without beaks, banner apex acute to attenuate.
→ 2
2. Pedicels erect or proximalmost horizontal or slightly reflexed in fruit.
→ 3
3. Herbs rhizomatous; roots not fusiform, sometimes thickened.
→ 4
4. Calyx lobes lax, usually slightly longer than tube length, tube veins not promi­nent; leaflet blades lanceolate, elliptic to oblong, or ovate.
subsp. hansenii
4. Calyx lobes often ± rigid, 6 times tube length, tube veins usually prominent; leaflet blades linear to elliptic-linear or broadly elliptic.
subsp. elmeri
3. Herbs not rhizomatous (stems ascending from crowns); roots thickened, often fusiform.
→ 5
5. Banner and wing apices slender-acuminate.
subsp. longipes
5. Banner and wing apices usually acute or obtuse, rarely emarginate.
→ 6
6. Calyces and distal ends of peduncles densely pilose; banner apex acute.
subsp. atrorubens
6. Calyces and distal ends of peduncles sparsely pilose or glabrous; banner apex usually broad, acute or obtuse, rarely emarginate.
subsp. pedunculatum
2. Pedicels (at least proximal ones, usually all), strongly reflexed in fruit.
→ 7
7. Herbs with thickened roots, often fusiform, with crown of buried stems.
subsp. pygmaeum
7. Herbs usually rhizomatous, if rarely with roots ± thickened, then with crown of rhizomes above thickened portion, or with slender taproots bearing a crown of wiry, pilose stems.
→ 8
8. Pedicels slender, 1.5–2 mm; herbs with slender taproots, bearing crown of wiry, pilose stems.
subsp. oreganum
8. Pedicels stout, to 1 mm; herbs rhizomatous.
→ 9
9. Inflorescences globose or ellipsoid; proximal pedicels more strongly reflexed than distal ones.
→ 10
10. Inflorescences 18–22-flowered, globose, 2.2–2.5 cm diam.; flow­ers 10–13 mm, corollas purple, sometimes tips white.
subsp. shastense
10. Inflorescences 28–32-flowered, ellipsoid, 3–3.2 cm diam.; flow­ers 14–16 mm, corollas lavender.
subsp. caurinum
9. Inflorescences hemispheric, obconic, or sub­glo­bose; all pedicels strongly reflexed.
→ 11
11. Calyces sparsely pilose or curly-pilose at sinuses, often glabrous proximally; corollas white, cream, or violet.
subsp. reflexum
11. Calyces white-villous, veins and lobes green; corollas purple-violet or lavender.
subsp. neurophyllum
Source FNA vol. 11. FNA vol. 11.
Parent taxa Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium
Sibling taxa
T. albopurpureum, T. alexandrinum, T. amoenum, T. amphianthum, T. andersonii, T. andinum, T. angustifolium, T. appendiculatum, T. arvense, T. attenuatum, T. aureum, T. barbigerum, T. barnebyi, T. beckwithii, T. bejariense, T. bifidum, T. bolanderi, T. brandegeei, T. breweri, T. buckwestiorum, T. calcaricum, T. campestre, T. carolinianum, T. cernuum, T. ciliolatum, T. columbinum, T. cyathiferum, T. dasyphyllum, T. dedeckerae, T. depauperatum, T. dichotomum, T. douglasii, T. dubium, T. echinatum, T. eriocephalum, T. fragiferum, T. friscanum, T. fucatum, T. glomeratum, T. gracilentum, T. grayi, T. gymnocarpon, T. haydenii, T. hirtum, T. howellii, T. hybridum, T. hydrophilum, T. incarnatum, T. jokerstii, T. kentuckiense, T. kingii, T. lappaceum, T. latifolium, T. leibergii, T. lemmonii, T. lupinaster, T. macilentum, T. macraei, T. macrocephalum, T. medium, T. microcephalum, T. microdon, T. monanthum, T. mucronatum, T. nanum, T. nigrescens, T. obtusiflorum, T. oliganthum, T. ornithopodioides, T. owyheense, T. palmeri, T. parryi, T. pinetorum, T. piorkowskii, T. plumosum, T. polyodon, T. pratense, T. productum, T. reflexum, T. repens, T. resupinatum, T. retusum, T. rollinsii, T. siskiyouense, T. sonorense, T. stoloniferum, T. striatum, T. subterraneum, T. suffocatum, T. thompsonii, T. tomentosum, T. trichocalyx, T. variegatum, T. vesiculosum, T. virginicum, T. willdenovii, T. wormskioldii
T. albopurpureum, T. alexandrinum, T. amoenum, T. amphianthum, T. andersonii, T. andinum, T. angustifolium, T. appendiculatum, T. arvense, T. attenuatum, T. aureum, T. barbigerum, T. barnebyi, T. beckwithii, T. bejariense, T. bifidum, T. bolanderi, T. brandegeei, T. breweri, T. buckwestiorum, T. calcaricum, T. campestre, T. carolinianum, T. cernuum, T. ciliolatum, T. columbinum, T. cyathiferum, T. dasyphyllum, T. dedeckerae, T. depauperatum, T. dichotomum, T. douglasii, T. dubium, T. eriocephalum, T. fragiferum, T. friscanum, T. fucatum, T. glomeratum, T. gracilentum, T. grayi, T. gymnocarpon, T. haydenii, T. hirtum, T. howellii, T. hybridum, T. hydrophilum, T. incarnatum, T. jokerstii, T. kentuckiense, T. kingii, T. lappaceum, T. latifolium, T. leibergii, T. lemmonii, T. longipes, T. lupinaster, T. macilentum, T. macraei, T. macrocephalum, T. medium, T. microcephalum, T. microdon, T. monanthum, T. mucronatum, T. nanum, T. nigrescens, T. obtusiflorum, T. oliganthum, T. ornithopodioides, T. owyheense, T. palmeri, T. parryi, T. pinetorum, T. piorkowskii, T. plumosum, T. polyodon, T. pratense, T. productum, T. reflexum, T. repens, T. resupinatum, T. retusum, T. rollinsii, T. siskiyouense, T. sonorense, T. stoloniferum, T. striatum, T. subterraneum, T. suffocatum, T. thompsonii, T. tomentosum, T. trichocalyx, T. variegatum, T. vesiculosum, T. virginicum, T. willdenovii, T. wormskioldii
Subordinate taxa
T. longipes subsp. atrorubens, T. longipes subsp. caurinum, T. longipes subsp. elmeri, T. longipes subsp. hansenii, T. longipes subsp. longipes, T. longipes subsp. multipedunculatum, T. longipes subsp. neurophyllum, T. longipes subsp. oreganum, T. longipes subsp. pedunculatum, T. longipes subsp. pygmaeum, T. longipes subsp. reflexum, T. longipes subsp. shastense
Name authority Nuttall in J. Torrey and A. Gray: Fl. N. Amer. 1: 314. (1838) M. Bieberstein: Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 2: 216. (1808)
Web links