Trifolium dubium |
Trifolium nigrescens |
|
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least hop clover, lesser hop clover, lesser hop trefoil, little hop clover, shamrock, small hop-clover, suckling clover |
small white clover |
|
Habit | Herbs annual, 20–40 cm, glabrous or sparsely hairy. | Herbs annual, 10–60 cm, glabrous or glabrescent. |
Stems | erect to prostrate, branched from base. |
usually erect or ascending, rarely prostrate, branched. |
Leaves | pinnate; stipules ovate, 0.3–0.5 cm, margins entire, apex acute; petiole to 1.5 cm; lateral leaflet petiolules to 0.5 mm, terminal leaflet stalk 1–1.5 mm; leaflets 3, blades obovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 1–2 × 0.5–1.5 cm, base cuneate, lateral veins prominent, ± parallel, ascending, margins dentate distally, apex rounded or retuse, surfaces glabrous or sparsely hairy. |
palmate; stipules triangular-lanceolate, 0.4–0.8 cm, margins entire, apex dark purple or reddish, sharply recurved, subulate; petiole 0.5–10 cm; petiolules 0.5 mm; leaflets 3, blades obovate or obtriangular, 0.5–2.5 × 0.3–2.5 cm, base cuneate, veins fine, margins denticulate, apex rounded to emarginate, surfaces glabrous. |
Inflorescences | axillary or terminal, 5–20-flowered, ovoid or globose, 0.5–0.9 × 0.6 cm; involucres absent. |
axillary or terminal, 15–50-flowered, globose, 1–1.8 × 1–1.8 cm; involucres a narrow rim, to 0.2 mm. |
Peduncles | 1–1.5 cm. |
1.5–4 cm. |
Pedicels | reflexed, 0.2–0.5 mm; bracteoles a fringe of red setae. |
reflexed in fruit, 3–6 mm; bracteoles narrowly oblanceolate, 3–6.5 mm. |
Flowers | 2.8–3.5 mm; calyx campanulate, 1.5–2 mm, glabrous, veins 5, tube 0.8–1 mm, lobes unequal, longer than tube, adaxial 2 shorter, orifice open; corolla pale yellow becoming brown, 2.6–3.2 mm, not or slightly ribbed, banner persistent, spatulate, 2.6–3.2 × 2 mm, apex rounded to broadly acute. |
6.5–9 mm; calyx oblong, 3–5 mm, glabrous or pubescent, veins 5–10, tube 1–2.5 mm, lobes ± equal or unequal, triangular-lanceolate, recurved in fruit, margins green or purple, apex acute to acuminate, orifice open; corolla pink or white, 6–9 mm, banner obovate-oblong, 6–9 × 1–2 mm, apex acute to emarginate. |
Legumes | stipitate, ellipsoid, 1.5–2 mm, short beaked. |
linear-oblong, 3–4.5 mm. |
Seeds | 1, yellow or pale brown, ellipsoid, 0.9–1 mm, smooth, glossy. |
1–5, yellow or pale or dark brown, oblong, 1 mm, smooth. |
2n | = 16, 28, 32. |
= 16. |
Trifolium dubium |
Trifolium nigrescens |
|
Phenology | Flowering May–Oct. | Flowering Mar–Oct. |
Habitat | Disturbed ground, fields. | Roadsides, lawns, fields, waste places. |
Elevation | 0–2300 m. (0–7500 ft.) | 0–200 m. (0–700 ft.) |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; BC; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC; SPM; c Europe; s Europe; w Asia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in s South America, e Asia (e China), n, s Africa, Pacific Islands (Hawaii, New Zealand), Australia]
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AL; FL; GA; LA; MS; TN; TX; s Europe; w Asia; n Africa [Introduced in North America] |
Discussion | Trifolium dubium is often confused with Medicago lupulina Linnaeus; the latter may be distinguished by its toothed stipules, deciduous corollas, and shiny, black fruits. Little hop clover may be the co-called shamrock of Irish folklore (E. C. Nelson 1991; P. S. Wyse Jackson 2014); other candidates include other species of Trifolium or species of Medicago or Oxalis. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Trifolium nigrescens was shown, using molecular markers, to consist of three subspecies and to hybridize readily with T. repens (W. M. Williams et al. 2001). It was first introduced as a potential crop species in the early 1950s and is cultivated widely in the southeastern United States as a forage crop and as a nitrogen source in roadside grass plantings (C. S. Hoveland 1960). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Chrysaspis dubia, T. minus | |
Name authority | Sibthorp: Fl. Oxon., 231. (1794) | Viviani: Fl. Ital. Fragm., 12, plate 13. (1808) |
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