least hop clover, lesser hop clover, lesser hop trefoil, little hop clover, shamrock, small hop-clover, suckling clover
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long-stalk clover
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Herbs annual, 20–40 cm, glabrous or sparsely hairy. |
Herbs perennial, 5–46 cm, slightly pilose. |
erect to prostrate, branched from base. |
erect or ascending, cespitose, unbranched to sparsely branched distally. |
pinnate; stipules ovate, 0.3–0.5 cm, margins entire, apex acute; petiole to 1.5 cm; lateral leaflet petiolules to 0.5 mm, terminal leaflet stalk 1–1.5 mm; leaflets 3, blades obovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 1–2 × 0.5–1.5 cm, base cuneate, lateral veins prominent, ± parallel, ascending, margins dentate distally, apex rounded or retuse, surfaces glabrous or sparsely hairy. |
palmate; stipules ovate to lanceolate, 1–5 cm, margins usually entire, sometimes slightly serrate proximally, apex acute or acuminate; petiole 1–13 cm; petiolules to 1 mm; leaflets 3, blades linear, lanceolate to elliptic, or oblong, cauline sometimes ovate, 0.8–6 × 0.2–1.6 cm, base cuneate, veins slightly to very thickened, arching, margins entire or serrate, apex acute, surfaces glabrous abaxially, usually appressed-pubescent adaxially. |
axillary or terminal, 5–20-flowered, ovoid or globose, 0.5–0.9 × 0.6 cm; involucres absent. |
terminal, 10–40-flowered, globose, ellipsoid, obconic, or subglobose, 1–3.5 × 1–3.2 cm; involucres absent. |
1–1.5 cm. |
1–30 cm. |
reflexed, 0.2–0.5 mm; bracteoles a fringe of red setae. |
erect or reflexed in fruit, 0.5–2 mm; bracteoles scalelike, 0.5 mm. |
2.8–3.5 mm; calyx campanulate, 1.5–2 mm, glabrous, veins 5, tube 0.8–1 mm, lobes unequal, longer than tube, adaxial 2 shorter, orifice open; corolla pale yellow becoming brown, 2.6–3.2 mm, not or slightly ribbed, banner persistent, spatulate, 2.6–3.2 × 2 mm, apex rounded to broadly acute. |
10–19 mm; calyx tubular, 4–10 mm, hairy or glabrous, veins 5–10, tube 2.5–3 mm, lobes unequal, linear, shorter than or to 6 times tube, orifice open; corolla white, cream, pink, lavender, or purple, sometimes pale with purple tips, 10–18 mm, petals not beaked except subsp. multipedunculatum, banner ovate to oblanceolate, 10–18 × 3–4 mm, apex usually not beaked, usually obtuse, acute, or acuminate, rarely emarginate; ovaries pubescent distally. |
stipitate, ellipsoid, 1.5–2 mm, short beaked. |
oblong to ellipsoid, 4–5 mm. |
1, yellow or pale brown, ellipsoid, 0.9–1 mm, smooth, glossy. |
1–4, dark brown, flattened globose, 2–3 mm, smooth. |
= 16, 28, 32. |
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Flowering May–Oct. |
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Disturbed ground, fields. |
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0–2300 m. (0–7500 ft.) |
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AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; BC; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC; SPM; c Europe; s Europe; w Asia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in s South America, e Asia (e China), n, s Africa, Pacific Islands (Hawaii, New Zealand), Australia]
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w United States
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Trifolium dubium is often confused with Medicago lupulina Linnaeus; the latter may be distinguished by its toothed stipules, deciduous corollas, and shiny, black fruits. Little hop clover may be the co-called shamrock of Irish folklore (E. C. Nelson 1991; P. S. Wyse Jackson 2014); other candidates include other species of Trifolium or species of Medicago or Oxalis. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Subspecies 12 (12 in the flora). Trifolium longipes encompasses a morphologically diverse and taxonomically difficult suite of populations. J. M. Gillett (1969) united T. longipes with T. rusbyi and differentiated ten subspecies, with T. neurophyllum recognized as distinct. M. Zohary and D. Heller (1984) maintained T. rusbyi (with seven subspecies, including subsp. neurophyllum) as distinct from T. longipes (with five subspecies). Analyses of molecular data support the union of T. longipes and T. rusbyi (N. W. Ellison et al. 2006). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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1. Banner, wing, and, often, keel petals beaked. | subsp. multipedunculatum |
1. Banner, wing, and keel petals without beaks, banner apex acute to attenuate. | → 2 |
2. Pedicels erect or proximalmost horizontal or slightly reflexed in fruit. | → 3 |
3. Herbs rhizomatous; roots not fusiform, sometimes thickened. | → 4 |
4. Calyx lobes lax, usually slightly longer than tube length, tube veins not prominent; leaflet blades lanceolate, elliptic to oblong, or ovate. | subsp. hansenii |
4. Calyx lobes often ± rigid, 6 times tube length, tube veins usually prominent; leaflet blades linear to elliptic-linear or broadly elliptic. | subsp. elmeri |
3. Herbs not rhizomatous (stems ascending from crowns); roots thickened, often fusiform. | → 5 |
5. Banner and wing apices slender-acuminate. | subsp. longipes |
5. Banner and wing apices usually acute or obtuse, rarely emarginate. | → 6 |
6. Calyces and distal ends of peduncles densely pilose; banner apex acute. | subsp. atrorubens |
6. Calyces and distal ends of peduncles sparsely pilose or glabrous; banner apex usually broad, acute or obtuse, rarely emarginate. | subsp. pedunculatum |
2. Pedicels (at least proximal ones, usually all), strongly reflexed in fruit. | → 7 |
7. Herbs with thickened roots, often fusiform, with crown of buried stems. | subsp. pygmaeum |
7. Herbs usually rhizomatous, if rarely with roots ± thickened, then with crown of rhizomes above thickened portion, or with slender taproots bearing a crown of wiry, pilose stems. | → 8 |
8. Pedicels slender, 1.5–2 mm; herbs with slender taproots, bearing crown of wiry, pilose stems. | subsp. oreganum |
8. Pedicels stout, to 1 mm; herbs rhizomatous. | → 9 |
9. Inflorescences globose or ellipsoid; proximal pedicels more strongly reflexed than distal ones. | → 10 |
10. Inflorescences 18–22-flowered, globose, 2.2–2.5 cm diam.; flowers 10–13 mm, corollas purple, sometimes tips white. | subsp. shastense |
10. Inflorescences 28–32-flowered, ellipsoid, 3–3.2 cm diam.; flowers 14–16 mm, corollas lavender. | subsp. caurinum |
9. Inflorescences hemispheric, obconic, or subglobose; all pedicels strongly reflexed. | → 11 |
11. Calyces sparsely pilose or curly-pilose at sinuses, often glabrous proximally; corollas white, cream, or violet. | subsp. reflexum |
11. Calyces white-villous, veins and lobes green; corollas purple-violet or lavender. | subsp. neurophyllum |
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FNA vol. 11. |
FNA vol. 11. |
Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium |
Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium |
T. albopurpureum, T. alexandrinum, T. amoenum, T. amphianthum, T. andersonii, T. andinum, T. angustifolium, T. appendiculatum, T. arvense, T. attenuatum, T. aureum, T. barbigerum, T. barnebyi, T. beckwithii, T. bejariense, T. bifidum, T. bolanderi, T. brandegeei, T. breweri, T. buckwestiorum, T. calcaricum, T. campestre, T. carolinianum, T. cernuum, T. ciliolatum, T. columbinum, T. cyathiferum, T. dasyphyllum, T. dedeckerae, T. depauperatum, T. dichotomum, T. douglasii, T. echinatum, T. eriocephalum, T. fragiferum, T. friscanum, T. fucatum, T. glomeratum, T. gracilentum, T. grayi, T. gymnocarpon, T. haydenii, T. hirtum, T. howellii, T. hybridum, T. hydrophilum, T. incarnatum, T. jokerstii, T. kentuckiense, T. kingii, T. lappaceum, T. latifolium, T. leibergii, T. lemmonii, T. longipes, T. lupinaster, T. macilentum, T. macraei, T. macrocephalum, T. medium, T. microcephalum, T. microdon, T. monanthum, T. mucronatum, T. nanum, T. nigrescens, T. obtusiflorum, T. oliganthum, T. ornithopodioides, T. owyheense, T. palmeri, T. parryi, T. pinetorum, T. piorkowskii, T. plumosum, T. polyodon, T. pratense, T. productum, T. reflexum, T. repens, T. resupinatum, T. retusum, T. rollinsii, T. siskiyouense, T. sonorense, T. stoloniferum, T. striatum, T. subterraneum, T. suffocatum, T. thompsonii, T. tomentosum, T. trichocalyx, T. variegatum, T. vesiculosum, T. virginicum, T. willdenovii, T. wormskioldii |
T. albopurpureum, T. alexandrinum, T. amoenum, T. amphianthum, T. andersonii, T. andinum, T. angustifolium, T. appendiculatum, T. arvense, T. attenuatum, T. aureum, T. barbigerum, T. barnebyi, T. beckwithii, T. bejariense, T. bifidum, T. bolanderi, T. brandegeei, T. breweri, T. buckwestiorum, T. calcaricum, T. campestre, T. carolinianum, T. cernuum, T. ciliolatum, T. columbinum, T. cyathiferum, T. dasyphyllum, T. dedeckerae, T. depauperatum, T. dichotomum, T. douglasii, T. dubium, T. echinatum, T. eriocephalum, T. fragiferum, T. friscanum, T. fucatum, T. glomeratum, T. gracilentum, T. grayi, T. gymnocarpon, T. haydenii, T. hirtum, T. howellii, T. hybridum, T. hydrophilum, T. incarnatum, T. jokerstii, T. kentuckiense, T. kingii, T. lappaceum, T. latifolium, T. leibergii, T. lemmonii, T. lupinaster, T. macilentum, T. macraei, T. macrocephalum, T. medium, T. microcephalum, T. microdon, T. monanthum, T. mucronatum, T. nanum, T. nigrescens, T. obtusiflorum, T. oliganthum, T. ornithopodioides, T. owyheense, T. palmeri, T. parryi, T. pinetorum, T. piorkowskii, T. plumosum, T. polyodon, T. pratense, T. productum, T. reflexum, T. repens, T. resupinatum, T. retusum, T. rollinsii, T. siskiyouense, T. sonorense, T. stoloniferum, T. striatum, T. subterraneum, T. suffocatum, T. thompsonii, T. tomentosum, T. trichocalyx, T. variegatum, T. vesiculosum, T. virginicum, T. willdenovii, T. wormskioldii |
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T. longipes subsp. atrorubens, T. longipes subsp. caurinum, T. longipes subsp. elmeri, T. longipes subsp. hansenii, T. longipes subsp. longipes, T. longipes subsp. multipedunculatum, T. longipes subsp. neurophyllum, T. longipes subsp. oreganum, T. longipes subsp. pedunculatum, T. longipes subsp. pygmaeum, T. longipes subsp. reflexum, T. longipes subsp. shastense |
Chrysaspis dubia, T. minus |
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Sibthorp: Fl. Oxon., 231. (1794) |
Nuttall in J. Torrey and A. Gray: Fl. N. Amer. 1: 314. (1838) |
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