Trifolium dubium |
Trifolium douglasii |
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least hop clover, lesser hop clover, lesser hop trefoil, little hop clover, shamrock, small hop-clover, suckling clover |
Douglas' clover |
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Habit | Herbs annual, 20–40 cm, glabrous or sparsely hairy. | Herbs perennial, 20–75 cm, glabrous or slightly pilose. |
Stems | erect to prostrate, branched from base. |
erect, unbranched or sparsely branched. |
Leaves | pinnate; stipules ovate, 0.3–0.5 cm, margins entire, apex acute; petiole to 1.5 cm; lateral leaflet petiolules to 0.5 mm, terminal leaflet stalk 1–1.5 mm; leaflets 3, blades obovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 1–2 × 0.5–1.5 cm, base cuneate, lateral veins prominent, ± parallel, ascending, margins dentate distally, apex rounded or retuse, surfaces glabrous or sparsely hairy. |
palmate; stipules lanceolate to ovate, 1.5–6.5 cm, margins setose-serrulate or entire, apex acuminate; petiole 1.5–15 cm; petiolules 1 mm; leaflets 3, blades elliptic-oblanceolate to linear-elliptic, 3–9.5 × 0.5–1.6 cm, base cuneate, lateral veins prominent, recurved, dichotomously forked near margin, margins setose-denticulate to serrate, apex rounded or acute, surfaces glaucous, glabrous, sometimes sparsely pubescent abaxially. |
Inflorescences | axillary or terminal, 5–20-flowered, ovoid or globose, 0.5–0.9 × 0.6 cm; involucres absent. |
terminal or axillary, 30–50+-flowered, umbellate, globose to ovoid, 1.5–5 × 2–3.5 cm; involucres absent. |
Peduncles | 1–1.5 cm. |
3–12 cm. |
Pedicels | reflexed, 0.2–0.5 mm; bracteoles a fringe of red setae. |
erect or slightly reflexed, to 0.2 mm; bracteoles minute. |
Flowers | 2.8–3.5 mm; calyx campanulate, 1.5–2 mm, glabrous, veins 5, tube 0.8–1 mm, lobes unequal, longer than tube, adaxial 2 shorter, orifice open; corolla pale yellow becoming brown, 2.6–3.2 mm, not or slightly ribbed, banner persistent, spatulate, 2.6–3.2 × 2 mm, apex rounded to broadly acute. |
14–16 mm; calyx campanulate, 6–9 mm, pilose, veins 15–20, tube 1.5–3 mm, lobes unequal, narrow, triangular or subulate, abaxial lobe straight, lateral and adaxial tortuous, recurved inwards around corolla, orifice open; corolla magenta, 12–16 mm, banner oblong, 12–16 × 4–6 mm, apex flared, acute or obtuse; ovaries glabrous or pubescent distally. |
Legumes | stipitate, ellipsoid, 1.5–2 mm, short beaked. |
ovoid, 3–4.5 mm. |
Seeds | 1, yellow or pale brown, ellipsoid, 0.9–1 mm, smooth, glossy. |
1 or 2, tan to brown, ovoid, 1–1.5 mm, slightly roughened. |
2n | = 16, 28, 32. |
= 16. |
Trifolium dubium |
Trifolium douglasii |
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Phenology | Flowering May–Oct. | Flowering Jun–Jul. |
Habitat | Disturbed ground, fields. | Moist meadows, rich soils in prairies, stream bottoms and banks, openings in pine forests. |
Elevation | 0–2300 m. (0–7500 ft.) | 600–1500 m. (2000–4900 ft.) |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; BC; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC; SPM; c Europe; s Europe; w Asia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in s South America, e Asia (e China), n, s Africa, Pacific Islands (Hawaii, New Zealand), Australia]
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ID; OR; WA
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Discussion | Trifolium dubium is often confused with Medicago lupulina Linnaeus; the latter may be distinguished by its toothed stipules, deciduous corollas, and shiny, black fruits. Little hop clover may be the co-called shamrock of Irish folklore (E. C. Nelson 1991; P. S. Wyse Jackson 2014); other candidates include other species of Trifolium or species of Medicago or Oxalis. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Trifolium douglasii is rare throughout its range and has been impacted by agricultural practices (P. Camp et al. 2011). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Chrysaspis dubia, T. minus | T. altissimum |
Name authority | Sibthorp: Fl. Oxon., 231. (1794) | House: Bot. Gaz. 41: 335. (1906) |
Web links |
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