Trifolium dubium |
Trifolium appendiculatum |
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least hop clover, lesser hop clover, lesser hop trefoil, little hop clover, shamrock, small hop-clover, suckling clover |
large white-tip clover |
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Habit | Herbs annual, 20–40 cm, glabrous or sparsely hairy. | Herbs annual, 7–80+ cm, glabrous. |
Stems | erect to prostrate, branched from base. |
ascending or erect, branched. |
Leaves | pinnate; stipules ovate, 0.3–0.5 cm, margins entire, apex acute; petiole to 1.5 cm; lateral leaflet petiolules to 0.5 mm, terminal leaflet stalk 1–1.5 mm; leaflets 3, blades obovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 1–2 × 0.5–1.5 cm, base cuneate, lateral veins prominent, ± parallel, ascending, margins dentate distally, apex rounded or retuse, surfaces glabrous or sparsely hairy. |
palmate; stipules lanceolate or ovate, 0.3–1.3 cm, margins lacerate, apex acute to acuminate; petiole 2–7.3 cm; petiolules to 0.9 mm; leaflets 3, blades obovate-obcordate, elliptic, or obovate, 0.3–2.6 × 0.2–1.1 cm, base cuneate, veins thickened, margins denticulate, apex acute or retuse, surfaces glabrous. |
Inflorescences | axillary or terminal, 5–20-flowered, ovoid or globose, 0.5–0.9 × 0.6 cm; involucres absent. |
axillary, 4–25-flowered, subglobose or globose, 0.7–2 × 0.8–3 cm; involucres flat, 3.2–6.5 mm, incised 1/2 their length, lobes 4–7, lacerate. |
Peduncles | 1–1.5 cm. |
1.7–7.5 cm. |
Pedicels | reflexed, 0.2–0.5 mm; bracteoles a fringe of red setae. |
straight, to 0.5 mm; bracteoles absent. |
Flowers | 2.8–3.5 mm; calyx campanulate, 1.5–2 mm, glabrous, veins 5, tube 0.8–1 mm, lobes unequal, longer than tube, adaxial 2 shorter, orifice open; corolla pale yellow becoming brown, 2.6–3.2 mm, not or slightly ribbed, banner persistent, spatulate, 2.6–3.2 × 2 mm, apex rounded to broadly acute. |
7–25 mm; calyx campanulate, not slit between adaxial lobes, 3.5–7.4 mm, glabrous, veins 10–20, tube 1.5–3.3 mm, lobes subequal, narrowly triangular, margins usually entire, orifice open; corolla deep purple, usually white-tipped, 6.5–17 mm, banner obovate, 6.3–16 × 1.5–4 mm, apex emarginate. |
Legumes | stipitate, ellipsoid, 1.5–2 mm, short beaked. |
oblong or ellipsoid, 3.6–3.8 mm. |
Seeds | 1, yellow or pale brown, ellipsoid, 0.9–1 mm, smooth, glossy. |
2, blackish brown, mottled, ovoid or ellipsoid, 1.9–2.8 mm, smooth. |
2n | = 16, 28, 32. |
= 16. |
Trifolium dubium |
Trifolium appendiculatum |
|
Phenology | Flowering May–Oct. | Flowering Mar–Jun. |
Habitat | Disturbed ground, fields. | Coastal areas, foothills, mountain meadows, ditches, wet areas. |
Elevation | 0–2300 m. (0–7500 ft.) | 0–1400 m. (0–4600 ft.) |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; BC; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC; SPM; c Europe; s Europe; w Asia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in s South America, e Asia (e China), n, s Africa, Pacific Islands (Hawaii, New Zealand), Australia]
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CA; OR |
Discussion | Trifolium dubium is often confused with Medicago lupulina Linnaeus; the latter may be distinguished by its toothed stipules, deciduous corollas, and shiny, black fruits. Little hop clover may be the co-called shamrock of Irish folklore (E. C. Nelson 1991; P. S. Wyse Jackson 2014); other candidates include other species of Trifolium or species of Medicago or Oxalis. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Trifolium appendiculatum is found throughout California, although never east of the Sierra Nevada, and into southern Oregon. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Chrysaspis dubia, T. minus | T. appendiculatum var. rostratum, T. calophyllum, T. morleyanum, T. phaeocephalum, T. rostratum, T. splendens, T. trilobatum, T. variegatum var. major, T. variegatum var. rostratum, T. variegatum var. trilobatum |
Name authority | Sibthorp: Fl. Oxon., 231. (1794) | Lojacono: Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 15: 181. (1883) |
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