Trifolium dubium |
Trifolium albopurpureum |
|
---|---|---|
least hop clover, lesser hop clover, lesser hop trefoil, little hop clover, shamrock, small hop-clover, suckling clover |
Indian clover, rancheria clover |
|
Habit | Herbs annual, 20–40 cm, glabrous or sparsely hairy. | Herbs annual, 5–40 cm, pubescent. |
Stems | erect to prostrate, branched from base. |
erect, branched from base. |
Leaves | pinnate; stipules ovate, 0.3–0.5 cm, margins entire, apex acute; petiole to 1.5 cm; lateral leaflet petiolules to 0.5 mm, terminal leaflet stalk 1–1.5 mm; leaflets 3, blades obovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 1–2 × 0.5–1.5 cm, base cuneate, lateral veins prominent, ± parallel, ascending, margins dentate distally, apex rounded or retuse, surfaces glabrous or sparsely hairy. |
palmate; stipules elliptic-ovate, 0.6–1 cm, margins entire, toothed, or remotely lobed, ciliate, apex acuminate; petiole 0.5–7 cm; petiolules 1 mm; leaflets 3, blades obovate or elliptic, 0.5–2 × 0.2–1 cm, base cuneate, veins obscure or slightly thickened, margins serrate, apex acute or obtuse, often retuse, surfaces pubescent. |
Inflorescences | axillary or terminal, 5–20-flowered, ovoid or globose, 0.5–0.9 × 0.6 cm; involucres absent. |
axillary or terminal, 25–50-flowered, ovoid-ellipsoid, 1–1.8 × 0.8–1.5 cm; involucres absent. |
Peduncles | 1–1.5 cm. |
0.5–10 cm. |
Pedicels | reflexed, 0.2–0.5 mm; bracteoles a fringe of red setae. |
absent; bracteoles absent. |
Flowers | 2.8–3.5 mm; calyx campanulate, 1.5–2 mm, glabrous, veins 5, tube 0.8–1 mm, lobes unequal, longer than tube, adaxial 2 shorter, orifice open; corolla pale yellow becoming brown, 2.6–3.2 mm, not or slightly ribbed, banner persistent, spatulate, 2.6–3.2 × 2 mm, apex rounded to broadly acute. |
6–9 mm; calyx campanulate, 6–8 mm, densely pubescent, veins 10 (additional faint veins sometimes present), tube 1–2 mm, lobes unequal, narrowly triangular, subulate, sinuses rounded, lobes divergent, orifice open; corolla white with purple tips, 4–6 mm, banner narrowly elliptic, 6–7 × 2 mm, apex acute, slightly erose. |
Legumes | stipitate, ellipsoid, 1.5–2 mm, short beaked. |
broadly ellipsoid, 2.8–3.2 mm. |
Seeds | 1, yellow or pale brown, ellipsoid, 0.9–1 mm, smooth, glossy. |
1 (or 2), yellow or brown, often red-mottled, ellipsoid, 2–2.6 mm, smooth, glossy. |
2n | = 16, 28, 32. |
= 16. |
Trifolium dubium |
Trifolium albopurpureum |
|
Phenology | Flowering May–Oct. | Flowering Apr–May. |
Habitat | Disturbed ground, fields. | Grassy foothills and valleys. |
Elevation | 0–2300 m. (0–7500 ft.) | 0–2100 m. (0–6900 ft.) |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; BC; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC; SPM; c Europe; s Europe; w Asia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in s South America, e Asia (e China), n, s Africa, Pacific Islands (Hawaii, New Zealand), Australia]
|
AZ; CA; OR; WA; Mexico (Baja California)
|
Discussion | Trifolium dubium is often confused with Medicago lupulina Linnaeus; the latter may be distinguished by its toothed stipules, deciduous corollas, and shiny, black fruits. Little hop clover may be the co-called shamrock of Irish folklore (E. C. Nelson 1991; P. S. Wyse Jackson 2014); other candidates include other species of Trifolium or species of Medicago or Oxalis. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Trifolium albopurpureum is a widespread member of a closely allied group of species, including T. amoenum, T. dichotomum, and T. columbinum, that intergrade to varying degrees and may co-occur in some populations. The great similarity among these species has led to a maddening array of synonyms as new suites of species have been recognized and various new combinations have been made. In spite of the resultant confusion, these species are relatively distinct and are differentiated on the following characters: inflorescences generally greater than 3 cm diam. (T. amoenum) versus less than 2.5 cm diam. in the others; corollas usually 8–12 mm with calyx lobes 2–3 times the tube (T. dichotomum), versus corollas usually 5–8.5 mm with calyx lobes 3–6 times the tube; calyces 8–12+ mm with lobes exceeding the corollas by 3–6 mm (T. columbinum), versus calyces 4–9 mm with lobes equaling the corollas or exceeding them by 1.5–2 mm (D. Isely 1998; M. A. Vincent and Isely 2012). Trifolium albopurpureum is widespread in California, northward through Oregon in coastal counties, and with scattered populations known from Washington and Arizona. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Chrysaspis dubia, T. minus | T. albopurpureum var. neolagopus, T. helleri, T. macraei var. albopurpureum, T. neolagopus, T. pseudoalbopurpureum |
Name authority | Sibthorp: Fl. Oxon., 231. (1794) | Torrey & A. Gray: Fl. N. Amer. 1: 313. (1838) |
Web links |
|
|