Trifolium douglasii |
Trifolium incarnatum |
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Douglas' clover |
crimson clover, Italian clover |
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Habit | Herbs perennial, 20–75 cm, glabrous or slightly pilose. | Herbs usually annual, rarely biennial, 20–60 cm, short-villous. |
Stems | erect, unbranched or sparsely branched. |
erect, unbranched or sparsely branched. |
Leaves | palmate; stipules lanceolate to ovate, 1.5–6.5 cm, margins setose-serrulate or entire, apex acuminate; petiole 1.5–15 cm; petiolules 1 mm; leaflets 3, blades elliptic-oblanceolate to linear-elliptic, 3–9.5 × 0.5–1.6 cm, base cuneate, lateral veins prominent, recurved, dichotomously forked near margin, margins setose-denticulate to serrate, apex rounded or acute, surfaces glaucous, glabrous, sometimes sparsely pubescent abaxially. |
palmate; stipules ovate, 1–2 cm, margins wavy or toothed, apex blunt or ± tapering distally; petiole 1–8 cm; petiolules 1 mm; leaflets 3, blades broadly ovate, 1–3 × 1–1.5 cm, base cuneate, veins fine, margins denticulate, apex emarginate or retuse, surfaces with spreading, pustulate-based hairs. |
Inflorescences | terminal or axillary, 30–50+-flowered, umbellate, globose to ovoid, 1.5–5 × 2–3.5 cm; involucres absent. |
terminal, 25–100-flowered, oblong, 2–7 × 1–2.5 cm; involucres absent. |
Peduncles | 3–12 cm. |
2–10 cm. |
Pedicels | erect or slightly reflexed, to 0.2 mm; bracteoles minute. |
straight, 0.5 mm; bracteoles absent. |
Flowers | 14–16 mm; calyx campanulate, 6–9 mm, pilose, veins 15–20, tube 1.5–3 mm, lobes unequal, narrow, triangular or subulate, abaxial lobe straight, lateral and adaxial tortuous, recurved inwards around corolla, orifice open; corolla magenta, 12–16 mm, banner oblong, 12–16 × 4–6 mm, apex flared, acute or obtuse; ovaries glabrous or pubescent distally. |
10–15 mm; calyx tubular-campanulate, 10 mm, villous, veins 10, tube 3–4 mm, lobes equal, longer than tube, spreading in fruit, orifice narrowly opening; corolla usually scarlet to red, rarely pink or white, 11–17 mm, banner oblong-elliptic, much longer than wing and keel petals, 10–16 × 2 mm, apex acute. |
Legumes | ovoid, 3–4.5 mm. |
ovoid, leathery distally, transversely dehiscent, 2.5–3 mm. |
Seeds | 1 or 2, tan to brown, ovoid, 1–1.5 mm, slightly roughened. |
1, reddish, ellipsoid, 2–2.5 mm, smooth, glossy. |
2n | = 16. |
= 14. |
Trifolium douglasii |
Trifolium incarnatum |
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Phenology | Flowering Jun–Jul. | Flowering May–Aug. |
Habitat | Moist meadows, rich soils in prairies, stream bottoms and banks, openings in pine forests. | Meadows, roadsides, especially in sandy soils. |
Elevation | 600–1500 m. (2000–4900 ft.) | 0–1000 m. (0–3300 ft.) |
Distribution |
ID; OR; WA
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AL; AR; CA; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; Europe [Introduced in North America; introduced also in s South America (Chile), e Asia (e China), s Africa, Pacific Islands (Hawaii, New Zealand), Australia]
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Discussion | Trifolium douglasii is rare throughout its range and has been impacted by agricultural practices (P. Camp et al. 2011). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Trifolium incarnatum was introduced to the United States in 1818 as a forage crop and green manure crop; it is used commonly as a winter grazing crop and in roadside grass plantings as a nitrogen source, especially in the southeastern states (W. E. Knight 1985). Reports of T. incarnatum in Manitoba, Ontario, and Montana appear to have been based on cultivated specimens. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | T. altissimum | |
Name authority | House: Bot. Gaz. 41: 335. (1906) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 769. (1753) |
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