Trifolium campestre |
Trifolium incarnatum |
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field clover, hop clover, hop trefoil, low hop-clover, pinnate hop clover |
crimson clover, Italian clover |
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Habit | Herbs annual, 5–40 cm, slightly villous or glabrous. | Herbs usually annual, rarely biennial, 20–60 cm, short-villous. |
Stems | erect to ascending, branched. |
erect, unbranched or sparsely branched. |
Leaves | pinnate; stipules ovate-lanceolate, 0.5–0.8 cm, margins entire, glandular, apex acuminate; petiole 0.3–2 cm; lateral leaflet petiolules 0.5–0.6 mm, terminal leaflet stalk 3–5 mm; leaflets 3, blades rhombic to obovate, 0.4–1.5 × 0.4–0.8 cm, base cuneate, lateral veins prominent, ± parallel, ascending, margins denticulate distally, apex truncate or retuse, surfaces strigose adaxially. |
palmate; stipules ovate, 1–2 cm, margins wavy or toothed, apex blunt or ± tapering distally; petiole 1–8 cm; petiolules 1 mm; leaflets 3, blades broadly ovate, 1–3 × 1–1.5 cm, base cuneate, veins fine, margins denticulate, apex emarginate or retuse, surfaces with spreading, pustulate-based hairs. |
Inflorescences | axillary, 30–60-flowered, globose or broadly ovoid, 0.8–1.5 × 0.7–1 cm; involucres absent. |
terminal, 25–100-flowered, oblong, 2–7 × 1–2.5 cm; involucres absent. |
Peduncles | 1.5–3.5 cm. |
2–10 cm. |
Pedicels | reflexed, 0.7–1.2 mm; bracteoles a fringe of red setae. |
straight, 0.5 mm; bracteoles absent. |
Flowers | 4.3–5 mm; calyx campanulate, strongly bilabiate, 1.3–1.5 mm, glabrous, veins 5, tube 0.3–0.6 mm, lobes unequal, adaxial deltate, very short, lateral and abaxial linear-subulate, each tipped with 1 or 2 stiff hairs, orifice open; corolla yellow becoming brown, 3.5–6 mm, ribbed, banner persistent, obovate, enveloping other petals, boat-shaped, 4.3–5 × 2.8–3.2 mm, apex broad, acute. |
10–15 mm; calyx tubular-campanulate, 10 mm, villous, veins 10, tube 3–4 mm, lobes equal, longer than tube, spreading in fruit, orifice narrowly opening; corolla usually scarlet to red, rarely pink or white, 11–17 mm, banner oblong-elliptic, much longer than wing and keel petals, 10–16 × 2 mm, apex acute. |
Legumes | stipitate, oblong, 2–2.5 mm. |
ovoid, leathery distally, transversely dehiscent, 2.5–3 mm. |
Seeds | 1 or 2, yellow, ellipsoid, 1–1.5 mm, smooth, lustrous. |
1, reddish, ellipsoid, 2–2.5 mm, smooth, glossy. |
2n | = 14. |
= 14. |
Trifolium campestre |
Trifolium incarnatum |
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Phenology | Flowering Jun–Aug. | Flowering May–Aug. |
Habitat | Roadsides, fields. | Meadows, roadsides, especially in sandy soils. |
Elevation | 0–1700 m. (0–5600 ft.) | 0–1000 m. (0–3300 ft.) |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; BC; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC; SPM; Europe; w Asia; n Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in South America, e Asia (China), s Africa, Pacific Islands (Hawaii, New Zealand), Australia]
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AL; AR; CA; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; Europe [Introduced in North America; introduced also in s South America (Chile), e Asia (e China), s Africa, Pacific Islands (Hawaii, New Zealand), Australia]
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Discussion | Trifolium filiforme Linnaeus and T. procumbens Linnaeus are rejected names that were used historically for T. campestre (J. E. Dandy 1958; N. J. Turland et al. 1996). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Trifolium incarnatum was introduced to the United States in 1818 as a forage crop and green manure crop; it is used commonly as a winter grazing crop and in roadside grass plantings as a nitrogen source, especially in the southeastern states (W. E. Knight 1985). Reports of T. incarnatum in Manitoba, Ontario, and Montana appear to have been based on cultivated specimens. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Chrysaspis campestris | |
Name authority | Schreber in G. F. Hoffmann: Deutschl. Fl. 4: 16, plate 253. (1804) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 769. (1753) |
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