Trifolium campestre |
Trifolium albopurpureum |
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field clover, hop clover, hop trefoil, low hop-clover, pinnate hop clover |
Indian clover, rancheria clover |
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Habit | Herbs annual, 5–40 cm, slightly villous or glabrous. | Herbs annual, 5–40 cm, pubescent. |
Stems | erect to ascending, branched. |
erect, branched from base. |
Leaves | pinnate; stipules ovate-lanceolate, 0.5–0.8 cm, margins entire, glandular, apex acuminate; petiole 0.3–2 cm; lateral leaflet petiolules 0.5–0.6 mm, terminal leaflet stalk 3–5 mm; leaflets 3, blades rhombic to obovate, 0.4–1.5 × 0.4–0.8 cm, base cuneate, lateral veins prominent, ± parallel, ascending, margins denticulate distally, apex truncate or retuse, surfaces strigose adaxially. |
palmate; stipules elliptic-ovate, 0.6–1 cm, margins entire, toothed, or remotely lobed, ciliate, apex acuminate; petiole 0.5–7 cm; petiolules 1 mm; leaflets 3, blades obovate or elliptic, 0.5–2 × 0.2–1 cm, base cuneate, veins obscure or slightly thickened, margins serrate, apex acute or obtuse, often retuse, surfaces pubescent. |
Inflorescences | axillary, 30–60-flowered, globose or broadly ovoid, 0.8–1.5 × 0.7–1 cm; involucres absent. |
axillary or terminal, 25–50-flowered, ovoid-ellipsoid, 1–1.8 × 0.8–1.5 cm; involucres absent. |
Peduncles | 1.5–3.5 cm. |
0.5–10 cm. |
Pedicels | reflexed, 0.7–1.2 mm; bracteoles a fringe of red setae. |
absent; bracteoles absent. |
Flowers | 4.3–5 mm; calyx campanulate, strongly bilabiate, 1.3–1.5 mm, glabrous, veins 5, tube 0.3–0.6 mm, lobes unequal, adaxial deltate, very short, lateral and abaxial linear-subulate, each tipped with 1 or 2 stiff hairs, orifice open; corolla yellow becoming brown, 3.5–6 mm, ribbed, banner persistent, obovate, enveloping other petals, boat-shaped, 4.3–5 × 2.8–3.2 mm, apex broad, acute. |
6–9 mm; calyx campanulate, 6–8 mm, densely pubescent, veins 10 (additional faint veins sometimes present), tube 1–2 mm, lobes unequal, narrowly triangular, subulate, sinuses rounded, lobes divergent, orifice open; corolla white with purple tips, 4–6 mm, banner narrowly elliptic, 6–7 × 2 mm, apex acute, slightly erose. |
Legumes | stipitate, oblong, 2–2.5 mm. |
broadly ellipsoid, 2.8–3.2 mm. |
Seeds | 1 or 2, yellow, ellipsoid, 1–1.5 mm, smooth, lustrous. |
1 (or 2), yellow or brown, often red-mottled, ellipsoid, 2–2.6 mm, smooth, glossy. |
2n | = 14. |
= 16. |
Trifolium campestre |
Trifolium albopurpureum |
|
Phenology | Flowering Jun–Aug. | Flowering Apr–May. |
Habitat | Roadsides, fields. | Grassy foothills and valleys. |
Elevation | 0–1700 m. (0–5600 ft.) | 0–2100 m. (0–6900 ft.) |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; BC; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC; SPM; Europe; w Asia; n Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in South America, e Asia (China), s Africa, Pacific Islands (Hawaii, New Zealand), Australia]
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AZ; CA; OR; WA; Mexico (Baja California)
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Discussion | Trifolium filiforme Linnaeus and T. procumbens Linnaeus are rejected names that were used historically for T. campestre (J. E. Dandy 1958; N. J. Turland et al. 1996). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Trifolium albopurpureum is a widespread member of a closely allied group of species, including T. amoenum, T. dichotomum, and T. columbinum, that intergrade to varying degrees and may co-occur in some populations. The great similarity among these species has led to a maddening array of synonyms as new suites of species have been recognized and various new combinations have been made. In spite of the resultant confusion, these species are relatively distinct and are differentiated on the following characters: inflorescences generally greater than 3 cm diam. (T. amoenum) versus less than 2.5 cm diam. in the others; corollas usually 8–12 mm with calyx lobes 2–3 times the tube (T. dichotomum), versus corollas usually 5–8.5 mm with calyx lobes 3–6 times the tube; calyces 8–12+ mm with lobes exceeding the corollas by 3–6 mm (T. columbinum), versus calyces 4–9 mm with lobes equaling the corollas or exceeding them by 1.5–2 mm (D. Isely 1998; M. A. Vincent and Isely 2012). Trifolium albopurpureum is widespread in California, northward through Oregon in coastal counties, and with scattered populations known from Washington and Arizona. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Chrysaspis campestris | T. albopurpureum var. neolagopus, T. helleri, T. macraei var. albopurpureum, T. neolagopus, T. pseudoalbopurpureum |
Name authority | Schreber in G. F. Hoffmann: Deutschl. Fl. 4: 16, plate 253. (1804) | Torrey & A. Gray: Fl. N. Amer. 1: 313. (1838) |
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