Trifolium aureum |
Trifolium variegatum |
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golden clover, golden hop clover, greater hop clover, hop clover, large hop clover, large hop trefoil, palmate hop clover, yellow clover |
variegated clover, white-tip clover |
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Habit | Herbs annual, 20–60 cm, glabrous or hirsute. | Herbs annual, 1.5–48+ cm, glabrous. |
Stems | erect, unbranched or profusely branched. |
usually erect, ascending, or prostrate, branched. |
Leaves | palmate; stipules oblanceolate, 0.9–1.5 cm, margins entire, apex acuminate or cuspidate; petiole 0.8–1 cm; petiolules 0–1 mm; leaflets 3, blades obovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 1–2.8 × 0.6–0.8 cm, base cuneate, lateral veins prominent, ± parallel, ascending, margins denticulate, apex acute, truncate, or retuse, mucronate, surfaces glabrous or sparsely hairy. |
palmate; stipules lanceolate or ovate, 0.3–1 cm, margins lacerate, apex acute to acuminate; petiole 1–9 cm; petiolules to 0.8 mm; leaflets 3, blades elliptic, obovate, oblanceolate, or obcordate, 0.2–5 × 0.1–1.2 cm, base cuneate, veins thickened, margins denticulate, apex acute or retuse, surfaces glabrous. |
Inflorescences | axillary or terminal, 20–80-flowered, usually ovoid-cylindric, sometimes globose, 1.2–2 × 1.3 cm; involucres absent. |
terminal or axillary, 1–20+-flowered, subglobose or globose, 0.5–1.3 × 0.1–1 cm; involucres flat, 2–6 mm, incised 1/2 their length, lobes 2–7, lacerate. |
Peduncles | 2–5 cm. |
0.5–5 cm. |
Pedicels | reflexed, 0.3–0.6 mm; bracteoles a fringe of red setae. |
straight, to 0.5 mm; bracteoles absent. |
Flowers | 7–8 mm; calyx campanulate, 2–2.5 mm, glabrous, veins 5, tube 0.8–1 mm, lobes unequal, adaxial deltate, 0.6–0.9 mm, 1/2 length of abaxial, abaxial linear, orifice open; corolla golden yellow becoming brown, 5–6 mm, banner persistent, obovate, boat-shaped, 4–4.5 × 2.4–2.6 mm, apex emarginate. |
5–11 mm; calyx campanulate, not slit between adaxial lobes, 1.9–2.4 mm, glabrous, veins 10–20, tube 1.5–4 mm, lobes subequal, narrowly triangular, margins usually entire, rarely with a small lateral tooth, orifice open; corolla purple, usually white-tipped, 3–10 mm, banner obovate, 3–10 × 0.6–2.6 mm, apex emarginate. |
Legumes | stipitate, oblong, 3–3.5 mm, longer than calyx. |
oblong or ellipsoid, 2–4 mm. |
Seeds | 1, pale yellow-green, ovoid, 1–1.2 mm, smooth, glossy. |
2, blackish brown, sometimes mottled, ovoid or ellipsoid, 1–1.6 mm, smooth. |
2n | = 14, 16. |
= 16. |
Trifolium aureum |
Trifolium variegatum |
|
Phenology | Flowering Jun–Aug. | Flowering Mar–Sep. |
Habitat | Roadsides, railroads, fields, disturbed woodland glades. | Wet places, coastal hills, meadows. |
Elevation | 0–1700 m. (0–5600 ft.) | 0–2500 m. (0–8200 ft.) |
Distribution |
AK; CA; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; SPM; n Europe; c Europe; w Asia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in s South America (Argentina, Chile), e Asia (e China), Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia]
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AK; AZ; CA; ID; MT; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; BC; Mexico (Baja California)
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Discussion | Trifolium agrarium Linnaeus is a rejected name that has been used historically for T. aureum (J. E. Dandy 1958; N. J. Turland et al. 1996). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Trifolium variegatum is widespread and morphologically variable (B. G. Foster and M. A. Vincent 2018). Because of this variability, T. variegatum and related species were treated as seven so-called phases by D. Isely (1998), who described these as ecotypic groups, some of which might deserve varietal or specific rank. C. S. Cooper (1957) considered T. variegatum a good choice for cultivation in wet areas for grazing and hay production. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Chrysaspis aurea | T. dianthum, T. geminiflorum, T. melananthum, T. pusillum, T. spinulosum var. triste, T. subsalinum, T. tridentatum var. melananthum, T. ultramontanum, T. variegatum var. geminiflorum, T. variegatum var. melananthum |
Name authority | Pollich: Hist. Pl. Palat. 2: 344. (1777) | Nuttall in J. Torrey and A. Gray: Fl. N. Amer. 1: 317. (1838) |
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