Trifolium aureum |
Trifolium oliganthum |
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golden clover, golden hop clover, greater hop clover, hop clover, large hop clover, large hop trefoil, palmate hop clover, yellow clover |
few-flower clover, few-flowerered clover |
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Habit | Herbs annual, 20–60 cm, glabrous or hirsute. | Herbs annual, 10–50 cm, glabrous. |
Stems | erect, unbranched or profusely branched. |
erect, dichotomously branched. |
Leaves | palmate; stipules oblanceolate, 0.9–1.5 cm, margins entire, apex acuminate or cuspidate; petiole 0.8–1 cm; petiolules 0–1 mm; leaflets 3, blades obovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 1–2.8 × 0.6–0.8 cm, base cuneate, lateral veins prominent, ± parallel, ascending, margins denticulate, apex acute, truncate, or retuse, mucronate, surfaces glabrous or sparsely hairy. |
palmate; stipules lanceolate, 0.4–1.2 cm, margins lacerate, apex subulate; petiole 0.5–4 cm; petiolules to 0.5 mm; leaflets 3, blades linear, oblong, oblanceolate, or elliptic, 0.5–2.5 × 0.1–0.5 cm, base cuneate, veins fine or moderately thickened, margins entire, spinulose, or dentate, apex rounded or truncate, mucronate, surfaces glabrous. |
Inflorescences | axillary or terminal, 20–80-flowered, usually ovoid-cylindric, sometimes globose, 1.2–2 × 1.3 cm; involucres absent. |
axillary or terminal, 3–15-flowered, obconic, 0.3–1.2 × 0.3–0.8 cm; involucres flattened to bowl-shaped, 1–2 mm, when folded, not hiding flowers except proximally, incised 4/5–9/10 their length, lobes lanceolate-subulate. |
Peduncles | 2–5 cm. |
2.5–7.5 cm. |
Pedicels | reflexed, 0.3–0.6 mm; bracteoles a fringe of red setae. |
erect, 0.5–2 mm; bracteoles absent. |
Flowers | 7–8 mm; calyx campanulate, 2–2.5 mm, glabrous, veins 5, tube 0.8–1 mm, lobes unequal, adaxial deltate, 0.6–0.9 mm, 1/2 length of abaxial, abaxial linear, orifice open; corolla golden yellow becoming brown, 5–6 mm, banner persistent, obovate, boat-shaped, 4–4.5 × 2.4–2.6 mm, apex emarginate. |
11–16 mm; calyx campanulate, slit between adaxial lobes, 4–5 mm, glabrous, veins 10, tube 2.5–5.2 mm, lobes triangular-subulate, 3-fid or shouldered below apex, orifice open; corolla lavender with white tips, keel petals purple, 6–8 mm, banner narrowly ovate-oblong, 6–8 × 2 mm, apex narrowly rounded, erose. |
Legumes | stipitate, oblong, 3–3.5 mm, longer than calyx. |
sessile, oblong, 2.1–3.2 mm. |
Seeds | 1, pale yellow-green, ovoid, 1–1.2 mm, smooth, glossy. |
1 or 2 (or 3), reddish brown, mottled, lenticular or reniform, 1.2–1.3 mm, smooth. |
2n | = 14, 16. |
= 16. |
Trifolium aureum |
Trifolium oliganthum |
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Phenology | Flowering Jun–Aug. | Flowering Mar–Jul. |
Habitat | Roadsides, railroads, fields, disturbed woodland glades. | Stream banks, grassy, rocky slopes, meadows, fields. |
Elevation | 0–1700 m. (0–5600 ft.) | 0–1100 m. (0–3600 ft.) |
Distribution |
AK; CA; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; SPM; n Europe; c Europe; w Asia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in s South America (Argentina, Chile), e Asia (e China), Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia]
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CA; OR; WA; BC
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Discussion | Trifolium agrarium Linnaeus is a rejected name that has been used historically for T. aureum (J. E. Dandy 1958; N. J. Turland et al. 1996). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Trifolium oliganthum is relatively common throughout much of its range in California; it is found in a few scattered sites northward into Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. Even though it closely resembles T. variegatum, it is placed near T. bifidum in molecular studies (N. W. Ellison et al. 2006). Trifolium hexanthum Greene ex A. Heller, which pertains here, is not a validly published name. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium | Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Trifolium |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Chrysaspis aurea | T. pauciflorum, T. filipes, T. oliganthum var. sonomense, T. triflorum |
Name authority | Pollich: Hist. Pl. Palat. 2: 344. (1777) | Steudel: Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2, 2: 707. (1841) |
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