Trifolium amoenum |
Trifolium subterraneum |
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showy Indian clover, two-fork clover |
burrowing clover, subclover, subterranean clover, subterranean trefoil |
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Habit | Herbs annual, 45–65 cm, canescent. | Herbs annual, 10–80 cm, glabrous or appressed-pubescent. |
Stems | erect, branched from base and distally, or unbranched. |
prostrate to ascending, branched. |
Leaves | palmate; stipules ovate-oblong, 0.5–1.8 cm, margins entire, toothed, or irregularly lobed, apex acuminate; petiole 0.5–10 cm; petiolules to 1 mm; leaflets 3, blades broadly obovate or elliptic, 1.7–3.3 × 1.1–2 cm, base cuneate, veins fine, margins entire or denticulate, apex rounded, obtuse, or retuse, surfaces pilose, abaxial less so. |
palmate; stipules ovate, 0.5–3 cm, margins entire or slightly toothed, ciliate, apex acute to acuminate; petiole 1–20 cm; petiolules 1 mm; leaflets 3, blades broadly obcordate, 0.8–2.8 × 1–3 cm, base cuneate, veins delicate, widely spaced, margins mostly entire, slightly dentate distally, apex emarginate, surfaces appressed-sericeous. |
Inflorescences | terminal or axillary, 30–50-flowered, bluntly conic, ellipsoid, globose, or subglobose, 1.5–3 × 1.5–2.5 cm; involucres absent. |
axillary, elongate and reflexed, pushing into substrate after anthesis, fertile flowers 2–7, sterile flowers 0–80, globose or cylindric, 0.5–1.5 × 0.8–1.5 cm; involucres absent. |
Peduncles | 5–15 cm. |
2–6.5 cm. |
Pedicels | absent; bracteoles cuplike, to 0.5 mm. |
reflexed after anthesis, 0.2–0.4 mm; bracteoles absent. |
Flowers | 13–16 mm; calyx tubular, 9–12 mm, pubescent, veins 20–30, tube 3 mm, lobes nearly equal, appearing rigidly erect, linear-setaceous, plumose, sinuses acute, orifice open; corolla white to pink with purple tips, 12–16 mm, banner ovate-oblong, 12–15 × 4 mm, apex broadly rounded, emarginate. |
fertile ones 7–15 mm; calyx tubular, 5–6 mm, glabrous or hairy, veins indistinct, tube 3–4 mm, lobes subequal, pubescent or glabrous, spreading, orifice open; corolla white, pink, or pink-striped, 7–10 mm, banner ovate-elliptic, 7–10 × 1.5–2 mm, apex rounded; sterile flowers 4–7 mm; calyx teeth linear; corolla absent. |
Legumes | obovoid, 4 mm. |
subterranean, obovoid, 3–4 mm. |
Seeds | 1, dark brown, ellipsoid, 2–3 mm, smooth. |
1, purplish black, ellipsoid, 2.6–3 mm, smooth, dull. |
2n | = 16. |
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Trifolium amoenum |
Trifolium subterraneum |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–May. | Flowering Mar–May. |
Habitat | Grassy slopes, swales, clay soils. | Open, disturbed sandy soils. |
Elevation | 0–100 m. (0–300 ft.) | 0–1000 m. (0–3300 ft.) |
Distribution |
CA
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CA; GA; LA; MA; MS; NC; NJ; OR; SC; WA; BC; w Europe; w Asia; n Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in s South America, s Africa, Pacific Islands (Hawaii, New Zealand), Australia]
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Discussion | Trifolium amoenum was considered extinct (J. P. Smith Jr. 1984) but was rediscovered in 1993 (P. G. Connors 1994). Specimens of T. amoenum are known from Marin, Napa, San Mateo, Solano, and Sonoma counties; it appears to be extant in only single populations in each of Marin and Solano counties. Allozyme studies of the two known populations revealed fixed genetic differences between them (E. E. Knapp and Connors 1999). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Trifolium subterraneum was first introduced by the USDA about 1921 as a pasture crop; it is utilized as such in the western and southern United States (W. S. McGuire 1985). Inflorescences of T. subterraneum consist of intermixed sterile and fertile flowers; after fetilization, the inflorescence is pushed underground, where the fruits develop. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Name authority | Greene: Fl. Francisc., 27. (1891) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 767. (1753) |
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