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Habit Subshrubs, 1.5–5 dm. Herbs, subshrubs, or vines, perennial, monoecious [dioecious]; hairy, hairs unbranched, always some stinging (sometimes inconspicuous except on ovaries and capsules), sometimes glandular; latex absent.
Stems

erect to trailing, green to reddish green, apex never flexuous.

Leaves

petiole 3–25(–41) mm;

blade triangular to ovate [linear], proximal broadly ovate to sometimes suborbiculate, 1.8–5 × 0.9–3.6 cm, often red-green, base truncate to cordate, margins coarsely dentate to coarsely serrate, apex acute.

deciduous, alternate, simple (usually 3-foliolate in T. laciniata);

stipules present, persistent;

petiole present, glands absent;

blade usually unlobed, sometimes lobed basally (sometimes deeply 3-lobed in T. laciniata) [palmately lobed], margins serrate, crenate, dentate, or entire, laminar glands absent;

venation pinnate or palmate at base, pinnate distally [palmate].

Inflorescences

terminal (often appearing leaf opposed), glands sessile or absent, staminate flowers 8–40 per raceme, distally clustered [evenly distributed]; staminate bracts 1.3–1.6 mm.

bisexual (pistillate flowers proximal, staminate distal) [unisexual], axillary, terminal, or leaf-opposed, racemes [rarely with single pistillate branch];

glands subtending each bract 0.

Pedicels

staminate 1.4–1.7 mm, persistent base 0.5–0.7 mm; pistillate 2.9–3.3 mm in fruit.

present, staminate with persistent base, pistillate elongated in fruit.

Staminate flowers

sepals 3–4, reddish green, 1–2 mm;

stamens 3–4, filaments 0.3–0.6 mm.

sepals 3–5, usually green, sometimes reddish green, not petaloid, valvate, distinct;

petals 0;

nectary absent [present];

stamens 2–6(–10)[–25], distinct or connate basally (connate 1/2 length in T. nigricans);

pistillode present [absent].

Pistillate flowers

sepals lanceolate [ovate], 1.4–2.3 mm;

styles connate 1/4–1/3 length;

stigmas papillate.

sepals 6, usually green, sometimes reddish green, not petaloid, connate basally;

petals 0;

nectary absent;

pistil 3-carpellate;

styles 3, connate basally to 1/2 [most of] length, unbranched.

Fruits

capsules, usually 3 carpels maturing, except often 1 maturing in T. brevispica.

Capsules

6–8 mm wide.

Seeds

brownish black, 3–4 mm.

globose to ovoid;

caruncle absent.

Tragia nepetifolia

Tragia

Phenology Flowering late spring; fruiting late summer–fall.
Habitat Pine-oak woodlands.
Elevation 1500–2500 m. (4900–8200 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CO; NM; Mexico; Central America
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from USDA
United States; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies; Asia; Africa; Australia; primarily tropical and subtropical regions
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Tragia nepetifolia is typically found at high elevations in Mexico and the southwestern United States. Since it was described more than 200 years ago, many collections of Tragia in Mexico and the United States have been identified mistakenly as this species.

Tragia nepetifolia includes four varieties in Mexico, but none match plants occurring in the United States. These most closely resemble var. dissecta Müller Arg. of western Mexico, sharing inflorescences with distally clustered staminate flowers and a tendency toward reddish coloration, but differing in that their leaf blades are not as deeply toothed.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Species ca. 175 (15 in the flora).

Tragia is a taxonomically difficult genus that is characterized by stinging hairs. Although many species of Tragia are twining vines, most species in the flora area are subshrubs or herbs. Some species are used medicinally for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, vermifugic, and antihyperglycemic properties. Two sections are represented in the flora area: Tragia and Leptobotrys (Baillon) Müller Arg. Molecular phylogenetic analysis (W. M. Cardinal-McTeague and L. J. Gillespie, unpubl.) suggests that Tragia is polyphyletic and that sect. Leptobotrys (T. smallii, T. urens) should be segregated as a distinct genus; these results are supported by pollen morphology (L. J. Gillespie 1994). Tragia volubilis Linnaeus was collected from Florida once (1842–1848, F. Rugel, US), but has not been collected there since and is presumed extirpated in the flora area. This species is widespread in the Caribbean and Latin America.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Inflorescence glands stipitate.
→ 2
2. Fruiting pedicels 3–7 mm; leaf blades narrowly ovate to lanceolate, bases shallowly cordate to truncate; persistent base of staminate pedicels 0.3–0.7 mm; stigmas smooth to undulate; Texas.
T. glanduligera
2. Fruiting pedicels 7–11 mm; leaf blades ovate to triangular-ovate, bases deeply cordate; persistent base of staminate pedicels 1.8–2 mm; stigmas undulate to subpapillate; Arizona.
T. jonesii
1. Inflorescence glands absent or sessile (T. nepetifolia and T. ramosa).
→ 3
3. Capsules 11–13 mm wide; leaf blades 4.5–10(–13) cm, base cordate; petioles 15–85 mm; stamens 3.
T. cordata
3. Capsules 4–11 mm wide (9–13 mm in T. smallii); leaf blades 1–8(–10) cm, base acute, obtuse, subcuneate, cuneate, truncate, subcordate, cordate, subhastate, or hastate; petioles 0–38(–41) mm; stamens 2–6(–10).
→ 4
4. Stamens 2.
→ 5
5. Leaf blades orbiculate to elliptic, margins serrate to crenate.
T. smallii
5. Leaf blades usually oblanceolate to linear, sometimes elliptic, margins entire or irregularly sinuate.
T. urens
4. Stamens 3–6(–10).
→ 6
6. Leaves usually 3-foliolate, sometimes 3-lobed nearly to base.
T. laciniata
6. Leaves simple, usually unlobed, sometimes lobed basally.
→ 7
7. Stems purple-green to reddish black or brownish red to maroon-green; staminate flowers 2–5 per raceme.
→ 8
8. Leaf blades acicular to narrowly oblong, 1–6 cm, margins usually entire, sometimes serrulate, petioles 0.5–2 mm; stamens connate basally; capsules 4–5 mm wide.
T. leptophylla
8. Leaf blades oblong to oblanceolate, 3–7 cm, margins coarsely serrate, petioles 1–5 mm; stamens connate 1/2 length; capsules 6–7 mm wide.
T. nigricans
7. Stems green, whitish green, reddish green, dark green, or gray-green; staminate flowers 2–80 per raceme.
→ 9
9. Stigmas papillate.
→ 10
10. Leaf blade margins coarsely dentate to coarsely serrate; staminate sepals reddish green; Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico.
T. nepetifolia
10. Leaf blade margins serrate; staminate sepals green, sometimes red-tinged; c, e United States.
→ 11
11. Staminate flowers 15–80 per raceme, distally clustered; persistent base of staminate pedicel 0.3–0.6 mm, shorter than subtending bract; pistillate sepals 1.8–5 mm.
T. betonicifolia
11. Staminate flowers 11–40 per raceme, evenly distributed; persistent base of staminate pedicel 1–1.8 mm, longer than subtending bract; pistillate sepals 1.3–2.3 mm.
T. urticifolia
9. Stigmas smooth, undulate, or subpapillate.
→ 12
12. Leaf blades suborbiculate to ovate; Florida.
T. saxicola
12. Leaf blades linear-lanceolate, lanceolate, ovate, triangular, subhastate or cordate; sc, sw United States.
→ 13
13. Staminate flowers 2–8 per racemes; capsules with often 1 carpel maturing; stems decumbent, twining, or erect, apices usually flexuous.
T. brevispica
13. Staminate flowers 2–20 per raceme; capsules with usually 3 carpels maturing; stems erect to trailing, apices flexuous or not.
→ 14
14. Leaf blades usually triangular to subhastate, sometimes ovate, base cordate, hastate, or truncate; stems gray-green, apices often flexuous; stigmas undulate to subpapillate; styles connate to 1/3 length, short-exserted; stamens 3–4.
T. amblyodonta
14. Leaf blades linear-lanceolate to narrowly ovate, base truncate to weakly cordate; stems dark green to light green, apices rarely flexuous; stigmas smooth to undulate; styles connate 1/3–1/2 length, long-exserted; stamens 3–6(–10).
T. ramosa
Source FNA vol. 12, p. 188. FNA vol. 12, p. 184. Author: Roberto J. Urtecho.
Parent taxa Euphorbiaceae > Tragia Euphorbiaceae
Sibling taxa
T. amblyodonta, T. betonicifolia, T. brevispica, T. cordata, T. glanduligera, T. jonesii, T. laciniata, T. leptophylla, T. nigricans, T. ramosa, T. saxicola, T. smallii, T. urens, T. urticifolia
Subordinate taxa
T. amblyodonta, T. betonicifolia, T. brevispica, T. cordata, T. glanduligera, T. jonesii, T. laciniata, T. leptophylla, T. nepetifolia, T. nigricans, T. ramosa, T. saxicola, T. smallii, T. urens, T. urticifolia
Name authority Cavanilles: Icon. 6: 37, plate 557, fig. 1. (1800) — (as nepetaefolia) Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 980. (1753): Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 421. (1754)
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