Tradescantia
Tradescantia virginiana
spider-lily, spiderwort, wandering-jew, éphémères
Virginia spiderwort, éphémère de virginie
thin or tuberous.
(1.5–)2–4 mm thick, fleshy.
5–35 cm;
internodes glabrous or occasionally distal internodes sparsely puberulent.
spirally arranged or 2-ranked;
blade sessile or rarely petiolate [petiolate].
spirally arranged, sessile;
blade linear-lanceolate, 13–37 × 0.4–2.5 cm (distal leaf blades equal to or narrower than sheaths when sheaths opened, flattened), apex acuminate, glabrous or occasionally puberulent.
terminal or terminal and axillary, pairs of cymes, cymes sessile, umbel-like, contracted, subtended by spathaceous bract;
bract similar to leaves or differentiated, margins distinct;
bracteoles persistent.
terminal and (rarely) axillary;
bracts foliaceous, well developed, not saccate, sparsely to densely pilose.
bisexual, radially symmetric;
pedicels very short or well developed;
sepals distinct (basally connate in T. zebrina), subequal;
petals distinct (rarely connate basally), white to pink, blue, or violet, equal, rarely clawed;
stamens 6, all fertile, equal;
filaments bearded or glabrous;
ovary 3-locular, ovules (1–)2 per locule, 1-seriate.
distinctly pedicillate;
pedicels 1.2–3.5 cm, eglandular-pilose or puberulent;
sepals ± inflated, 7–16 mm, uniformly eglandular-pilose;
petals distinct, blue to purple, occasionally rose or white, broadly ovate, not clawed, 1.2–2 cm;
stamens free;
filaments bearded.
3-valved, 3-locular.
4–7 mm.
2 per locule (1 in T. spathacea);
hilum oblong to linear;
embryotega abaxial to lateral.
2–3 mm.
= 6–8, probably others.
= 12, 24.
Tradescantia
Tradescantia virginiana
The species described by E. Anderson and R. E. Woodson Jr. (1935) are narrowly defined and typological. Nevertheless, they are recognizable entities even if some of them may prove eventually unworthy of specific rank. Where specific problems have been recognized, they are noted in the discussions at the end of the species.
Tradescantia species hybridize freely when growing together (E. Anderson and R. E. Woodson Jr. 1935). My observations in the field and garden tend to confirm this. The definite or probable hybrids are listed after the species. The list is almost certainly incomplete. The questionable records are based on uncertain determinations. The record of a possible hybrid between T. ohiensis and Callisia rosea (as Cuthbertia rosea), cited by Anderson and Woodson, is omitted: the specimens appear to be merely gracile plants of T. ohiensis. Some native species are occasionally cultivated, although most garden plants seem to be hybrids of T. virginiana and other species (E. Anderson 1952). They are usually sold as Tradescantia × andersoniana (an invalid name) followed by a cultivar epithet.
Species ca. 70 (30 in the flora).
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
The records from the northern parts of the range of Tradescantia virginiana may all represent garden escapes (E. Anderson 1954). The uncertainty about the records from Arkansas and Mississippi reflects the difficulty in identifying some specimens. The specimens in question come from areas in which T. hirsutiflora (but not T. virginiana) has been recorded (E. Anderson and R. E. Woodson Jr. 1935). The exact geographic boundaries between these putatively allopatric species are uncertain. D. T. MacRoberts (1980b) has made a useful contribution toward our knowledge of these species.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Flowers subsessile; petals clawed, claws connate at least basally; stamens epipetalous. | → 2 |
1. Flowers distinctly pedicellate; petals neither clawed nor connate; stamens free. | → 6 |
2. Leaves 2-ranked, bases oblique, cuneate; blade usually variegated; sepals connate basally | T. zebrina |
2. Leaves spirally arranged, bases symmetric, rounded to broadly cuneate; blade not variegated; sepals distinct. | → 3 |
3. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, apex acuminate; stamen filaments glabrous | T. leiandra |
3. Leaves lanceolate-elliptic to oblong-elliptic or ovate, apex obtuse to abruptly acute-apiculate; stamen filaments glabrous or bearded. | → 4 |
4. Leaves oblong-elliptic to lanceolate-elliptic, mostly 7–15 cm; peduncle (3.5–)4–13 cm; leaves usually purplish violet | T. pallida |
4. Leaves oblong-elliptic to ovate, mostly 3–7 cm; peduncle 1–5(–6) cm; leaves green. | → 5 |
5. Filaments and ovary glabrous; flowering June to October | T. brevifolia |
5. Filaments bearded, ovary densely bearded; flowering February to May | T. buckleyi |
6. Sprawling to decumbent plants rooting at nodes; leaves lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic or lanceolate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate or ovate-elliptic. | → 7 |
6. Erect or ascending plants, rarely rooting at nodes; leaves mostly linear-lanceolate to lanceolate-oblong. | → 8 |
7. Leaves lanceolate-elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, to 5 2 cm; cyme pairs usually 1–2 per shoot; bracts all or mostly foliaceous, occasionally reduced | T. fluminensis |
7. Leaves lanceolate-oblong to ovate-elliptic, to 10 3.5 cm; cyme pairs 2–4 per shoot; bracts, especially those of axillary inflorescences, usually reduced | T. crassula |
8. Inflorescences all or chiefly axillary. | → 9 |
8. Inflorescences terminal, commonly terminal and axillary. | → 10 |
9. Inflorescences pedunculate in axils well proximal to shoot apex, enclosed in boat-shaped spathes; leaves glabrous; flowers white | T. spathacea |
9. Inflorescences mostly sessile in axils of distal leaves; boat-shaped spathes absent; leaves usually arachnoid-villous; flowers blue to purple | T. crassifolia |
10. Distal leaf blades wider than opened, flattened sheaths. | → 11 |
10. Distal leaf blades equal to or narrower than opened, flattened sheaths. | → 14 |
11. Pedicels 1–1.7 cm; proximal leaves petiolate; stems frequently flexuous; plants flowering mainly May–Sep | T. subaspera |
11. Pedicels (1.5–)2–3.2 cm; proximal leaves narrowed directly into sheath; stems not flexuous; plants flowering mainly Feb–May. | → 12 |
12. Sepals 9–16 mm, ± inflated, eglandular-pilose; flowers usually deep blue, purple, or rose-red | T. ernestiana |
12. Sepals 6–12 mm, not inflated, glandular-pilose or mixed glandular- and eglandular-pubescent; flowers usually white or pale pink to pale lavender. | → 13 |
13. Leaves not glaucous; capsules 8–10 mm | T. edwardsiana |
13. Leaves ± glaucous; capsules 6–8 mm | T. ozarkana |
14. Sepals glabrous or with eglandular hairs only (very rarely a few minute glandular hairs at base). | → 15 |
14. Sepals pubescent with glandular and often eglandular hairs. | → 21 |
15. Sepals glabrous (or with apical tuft of eglandular hairs or a few minute glandular hairs at base). | → 16 |
15. Sepals covered with eglandular hairs. | → 18 |
16. Stems 5–18 cm; pedicels, sepal bases often with minute glandular hairs; petals 10 mm | T. wrightii |
16. Stems 15–115 cm; pedicels glabrous; sepals glabrous or with apical tuft of eglandular hairs; petals usually 0.8–20 mm. | → 17 |
17. Plants distinctly glaucous; leaves 5–45 cm, arcuate, forming acute angle with stem (also see Tradescantia occidentalis var. scopulorum) | T. ohiensis |
17. Plants not at all to slightly glaucous; leaves 4–11 cm, straight, forming nearly right angle with stem | T. paludosa |
18. Bracts saccate at base, blades reduced, densely, minutely velvety. | T. gigantea |
18. Bracts not saccate at base, blades well developed, sparsely to densely pilose. | → 19 |
19. Flowering stems 2–7 cm (elongating to 20 cm in fruit), pilose to villous; sepals purple or rose-colored (rarely pale green), not inflated; rocky prairies | T. tharpii |
19. Flowering stems 5–50 cm, glabrous to pilose or hirsute; sepals various; habitat various but rarely rocky prairies. | → 20 |
20. Roots (1.5–)2–4 mm thick; stems commonly glabrous proximal to inflorescence; sepals usually ± inflated; ne and Appalachian | T. virginiana |
20. Roots 1–1.5(–2) mm thick; stems usually pilose to hirsute throughout; sepals not inflated; se | T. hirsutiflora |
21. Pedicels 0.8–1 cm, glandular-puberulent; sepals 4–6 mm; petals 9–12 mm; hilum much shorter than seed | T. pinetorum |
21. Pedicels (0.8–)1–6 cm, glandular- or eglandular-pubescent; sepals (4–)6–16 mm; petals (6–)10–19 mm; hilum as long as seed. | → 22 |
22. Sepals with mostly glandular pubescence. | → 23 |
22. Sepals with mixture of glandular, eglandular pubescence. | → 25 |
23. Internodes and leaves glabrous | T. occidentalis |
23. Internodes pubescent (rarely glabrous in Tradescantia roseolens) | → 24 |
24. Pedicels 1–2.8 cm; roots all thin and fibrous; South Carolina to Florida and Alabama | T. roseolens |
24. Pedicels 2.5–4.5 cm; at least some roots thick and tuberous; Texas | T. pedicellata |
25. Stems, leaves completely glabrous; plants glaucous; sepal hairs mainly glandular (also see Tradescantia roseolens). | T. occidentalis |
25. Stems, leaves usually sparsely to densely pubescent, if glabrous then sepal hairs mainly eglandular; plants usually not glaucous (somewhat glaucous in T. roseolens); sepal hairs various. | → 26 |
26. Stems densely arachnoid-pubescent; roots thick, brownish-tomentose. | → 27 |
26. Stems variously pubescent but not arachnoid-pubescent; roots various but not brownish-tomentose. | → 28 |
27. Stems erect or ascending, unbranched or sparsely branched, 30–105 cm | T. reverchonii |
27. Stems spreading, diffusely branched, 10–30 cm. | T. subacaulis |
28. Plants diffuse, spreading; stems much branched. | T. humilis |
28. Plants erect or ascending; stems unbranched or sparsely branched. | → 29 |
29. Sepal hairs mainly eglandular, glandular hairs few, inconspicuous | T. hirsutiflora |
29. Sepal hairs mainly glandular or eglandular, glandular hairs numerous, conspicuous. | → 30 |
30. Sepals puberulent, hairs all less than 1 mm; roots relatively thin, 0.5–1(–2) mm thick | T. roseolens |
30. Sepals pilose-puberulent, longer hairs 1.5–6 mm; roots relatively stout, 1–3 mm thick. | → 31 |
31. Plants bright green; stems, leaves usually glabrous | T. bracteata |
31. Plants dull green; stems, leaves usually pubescent (rarely glabrescent). | → 32 |
32. Stems (2–)15–40 cm; pedicels 1.5–3.5 cm; leaves, bracts puberulent, usually sparsely to densely pilose, margins ± densely ciliolate | T. hirsuticaulis |
32. Stems 2–10 cm; pedicels (2–)4–6 cm; leaves, bracts pilose but not puberulent, margins sparsely ciliate | T. longipes |
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