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Lyall's goldenweed, Lyall's serpentweed, Lyall's tonenstus, Lyall's tonestus

goldenweed, serpentweed

Habit Perennials, loosely cespitose, 4–8.5(–15) cm; with branched caudices surmounting poorly developed taproots, or short rhizomes. Perennials, 1–21 cm (cespitose, sometimes mat-forming; taproots usually ± well developed, poorly so in T. lyallii, caudices branched or rhizomes short).
Stems

glabrous, densely stipitate-glandular.

erect, simple, hairy and/or ± densely stipitate-glandular.

Leaves

basal blades linear to spatulate, 30–85 × 3–12 mm;

cauline blades oblong to broadly lanceolate, 12–37 × 3–9(–12) mm, gradually reduced distally; 3–5-nerved, margins entire, eciliate, stipitate-glandular, faces stipitate-glandular.

basal and cauline; alternate; petiolate (basal and cauline) or sessile (cauline);

basal blades 1-, 3-, or 5-nerved, linear to broadly spatulate;

cauline progressively reduced distally (bases ± clasping), margins entire, coarsely and irregularly serrate, dentate, or lobed, sometimes ciliate, faces glabrous or scabrous, eglandular or stipitate-glandular.

Peduncles

2–5 mm.

Involucres

broadly campanulate, 11–22 × 8–11 mm.

narrowly to broadly campanulate, (5–28 ×) 6–20 mm.

Receptacles

convex, pitted, epaleate.

Ray florets

11–23;

laminae elliptic, 6.5–8 × 1–3.5 mm.

0, or 10–23(–35), pistillate, fertile;

corollas yellow (tubes sparsely hairy, laminae narrowly elliptic, coiling at maturity).

Disc florets

27–56;

corollas narrowly funnelform, 5.5–8.5 mm, scarcely exceeding involucres, lobes erect to spreading, 0.6–0.8 mm, lengths 1/10–1/5 corollas;

anthers 2–2.5 mm;

style-branch appendages lanceolate, 0.7–1 × 0.2–0.3 mm, stigmatic lines 0.9–1.4 mm.

13–66, bisexual, fertile;

corollas yellow, tubes (glabrous or sparsely hairy) shorter than narrowly funnelform to ± ampliate throats, lobes 5, erect or spreading, deltate to broadly lanceolate;

style-branch appendages subulate to lanceolate.

Phyllaries

18–42, in 3–4(–5) series, , 1- or weakly 3-nerved, ± equal, margins eciliate;

outer and mid oblong to broadly lanceolate, 5.2–9.5 × 1–3.5 mm, stipitate-glandular, apices acute;

inner green or anthocyanic, linear, 8–13 × 1–2 mm, chartaceous proximally, margins scarious, fimbriate and/or stipitate-glandular distally, apices acute to acuminate, sometimes reflexed, faces stipitate-glandular distally.

16–34(–44) in 3–4(–5) series, usually green, sometimes anthocyanic, 1- or weakly 3–5-nerved (flat), equal to unequal, sometimes chartaceous proximally, margins ciliolate or eciliate, faces often stipitate-glandular at least distally;

outer ovate, oblong, or broadly lanceolate, often foliaceous (apices rounded, obtuse, or acute);

inner linear to narrowly oblong, margins scarious, fimbriate (apices acute to acuminate, sometimes reflexed), faces sometimes stipitate-glandular distally.

Heads

1(–2).

radiate or discoid, in usually racemiform, sometimes corymbiform arrays.

Cypselae

linear, 2.5–5.5 mm, 8–12-nerved, faces glabrous or sparsely hairy distally;

pappus bristles 35–52, flexible.

cylindric to linear, terete, 4–12-nerved, faces glabrous or villous;

pappi persistent, of 30–60 whitish, ± equal, brittle or flexible, fine, barbellate, apically attenuate bristles in 1 series (± equaling corollas).

x

= 9.

2n

= 18.

Tonestus lyallii

Tonestus

Phenology Flowering and fruiting early–late summer.
Habitat Meadows, fellfields, talus slopes, rock crevices, open coniferous forests in alpine and subalpine communities, on soils usually of granitic, sometime of limestone or shale origin
Elevation 1500–3800 m (4900–12500 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
CA; CO; ID; MT; NV; OR; WA; WY; BC; Alta
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from USDA
w North America
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Tonestus lyallii is widespread in the central Rocky Mountains and ranges of the Pacific Northwest, and is known in the Great Basin from collections in the Ruby Mountains in Elko County, Nevada. Populations documented from the Coast Range in Siskyou and Trinity counties, California, are disjunct from those in Oregon and Washington by more than 700 km.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Species 4 (4 in the flora).

Recent work by L. Brouillet et al. (2004) and R. P. Roberts and L. E. Urbatsch (2004) has refined our understanding of the affinities of taxa included by G. L. Nesom and D. R. Morgan (1990) in Tonestus, some of which are now referred to Eurybia, Lorandersonia, or Toiyabea. In spite of these revisions, Tonestus appears to comprise at least three distinct elements. Two species primarily of the Rocky Mountains and ranges of the Pacific Northwest, T. lyallii and T. pygmaeus, resemble one another morphologically; molecular systematic studies by Roberts and Urbatsch suggested that these may be more closely related to different elements of the Solidagininae than they are to each other or to the remainder of the taxa included here in Tonestus. Likewise, while morphologic evidence indicates that T. eximius and T. peirsonii are closely related, the work of Roberts and Urbatsch placed the decaploid T. peirsonii in a clade with members of Lorandersonia wherein it is treated here; T. eximius is placed within a largely unresolved clade of the Solidagininae. Tonestus graniticus is included here mostly as a matter of convenience. It bears only superficial resemblance to other taxa included in the genus, differing in habit, array of heads, involucre, and hair type. The placement of this species within Solidagininae remains uncertain, although the work of Roberts and Urbatsch suggested that it may be related to Chrysothamnus. The treatment presented here must be considered tentative, at best. Tonestus pygmaeus is the nomenclatural type of the genus; further refinement of the taxonomy of this difficult group may require nomenclatural innovations.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Leaf margins entire; Rocky Mountains, ranges of the Pacific Northwest, rarely ranges of n California and nw Nevada
→ 2
1. Leaf margins serrate, dentate, or lobed; s Great Basin or Sierra Nevada ranges
→ 3
2. Plants densely stipitate-glandular, otherwise glabrous; outer phyllaries oblong to broadly lanceolate, apices acute; cypselae glabrous or sparsely hairy distally
T. lyallii
2. Plants eglandular or sparsely stipitate-glandular, non-glandular hairs present at least as cilia on leaves and phyllaries; outer phyllaries ovate to oblong, apices obtuse or rounded; cypselae villous
T. pygmaeus
3. Leaves glabrous; heads radiate, 1 or 2(–4); involucres (9–)12–25(–28) × (5–)8–20 mm; ec California, Washoe County, Nevada
T. eximius
3. Leaves scabrous; heads discoid, (1–)3–7(–11); involucres 5–9 × 6–10 mm; Esmeralda County, Nevada
T. graniticus
Source FNA vol. 20, p. 183. FNA vol. 20, p. 181. Author: Caleb A. Morse.
Parent taxa Asteraceae > tribe Astereae > Tonestus Asteraceae > tribe Astereae
Sibling taxa
T. eximius, T. graniticus, T. pygmaeus
Subordinate taxa
T. eximius, T. graniticus, T. lyallii, T. pygmaeus
Synonyms Haplopappus lyallii Haplopappus section T.
Name authority (A. Gray) A. Nelson: Bot. Gaz. 37: 262. (1904) A. Nelson: Bot. Gaz. 37: 262. (1904)
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